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Psychology 106 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation

A

biological, emotional, cognitive (thinking), or social forces (people around you) that activate and direct behavior

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2
Q

3 Characteristics Of Motivation

A
  1. activation- initiation or production of behavior
  2. intensity- seen in the greater vigor(effort) of responding that accompanies motivated behavior
  3. persistence- continued efforts or determination to achieve a particular goal
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3
Q

Instinct

A

a complex, unlearned, fixed-pattern of behavior common to all members of a species

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4
Q

Drive

A

helps motivate an organism to satisfy a need

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5
Q

Incentive

A

inducement or reward that serves as a motivational device for a desire action or behavior

  • expectation that a particular behavior will lead to a goal
  • behavior s motivated by a “pull” of external goals, such as rewards, money, taste of food, or recognition
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6
Q

Set Point

A

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

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7
Q

Homeostasis

A

the body monitors and maintains relatively constant levels of internal state, such as body temp., fluid level, and energy level

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8
Q

Positive Incentive Value

A

anticipated pleasure involved in the performance of a particular behavior

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9
Q

Interpersonal Engagement

A

emotion dimension reflecting the degree to which emotions involve other people

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10
Q

Instinct Theory

A

Inborn behavior as motivator

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11
Q

Drive-Reduction Theory

A

behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs
ex: food (need)– Hunger (drive)– eating (drive-reducing behaviors)

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12
Q

Arousal Theory/ Optimum Arousal

A

different individuals perform better at different levels of arousal and that every individual seeks to find its optimum level
-optimal stimulation as motivator; people experience both very high levels and very low levels of arousal as being quite unpleasant

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13
Q

Achievement Motivation

A

desire to direct your behavior toward excelling, acceding or out performing others

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14
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Needs

A
  1. Self-actualization- living to your highest potential
  2. Esteem- you’ve acquired the skills to lead to honor and recognition; accomplishment
  3. Love + Belonging- deeper more meaningful relationships
  4. Safety- home sweet home, financial stability, security
  5. Physiological Needs- food, water, sleep
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15
Q

Self-Determination Theory

A 
people are driven by need to gain fulfillment and grow
3 needs:
-autonomy
-competence
-relatedness
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16
Q

Self-Determination Theory 3 Needs: Autonomy

A

need to determine, control, and organize one’s own behavior and goals so that they are in harmony with ones own interest and values

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17
Q

Self-Determination Theory 3 Needs: Competence

A

the need to learn and master appropriately challenging tasks

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18
Q

Self-Determination Theory 3 Needs: Relatedness

A

need to feel attached to others and experience a sense of belongingness, security, and intimacy

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19
Q

Hunger: Hypothalamus

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A

brains control center for hunger located in the hypothalamus

20
Q

Satiation

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A

the feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that accompanies eating a meal

21
Q

Insulin

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A

hormone produced by pancreas that regulates glucose levels

22
Q

CCK

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A

hormone secreted by small intestines and enters bloodstream (hormone that goes up when you’re full)

23
Q

Leptin

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A

hormone secreted by the body’s adipose (body fat) tissue

-causes brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

24
Q

Ghrelin

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A

hormone manufactured in the stomach lining

  • stimulates appetite
  • blood levels of ghrelin RISE sharply BEFORE and FALL abruptly AFTER a meal
25
Classical Conditioning
process behind when a stimulus elicits a response. To teach a neutral item to elicit the same response as an unconditioned response
26
Operant Conditioning
``` learned preference (positive incentive) -process behind when a stimulus elicits a response. To teach a neutral item to elicit the same response as an unconditioned response ```
27
Emotion
experience of feelings that underlies behavior; activates and effects behaviors but difficult to predict behavior; ex. Fear, joy, surprise
28
3 Distinct Components Of Emotion
1. Subjective experience 2. Physiological arousal 3. Behavioral/ Expressive Behavior
29
Two-Factor Theory
emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the COGNITIVE LABEL that we apply to explain the arousal ex: stimulus(bear)-- arousal(heart pounding)-- cognitive label("that is one scary bear! I'm afraid of it!") ---emotion(fear)
30
James-Lange Theory
an experience of emotion results from an awareness of our own physiological responses to the emotion -identify emotion based on bodily response (change in body, then emotion comes)
31
Cannon-Bard Theory
you can experience emotion without SNS arousal | -processing emotions and bodily response occur simultaneously
32
Amygdala
Evaluates significance of stimuli and generates emotional responses
33
Amygdala: part in emotional response
our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input through the THALAMUS directly to the AMYGDALA
34
Amygdala: part in fear
activates when you see something threatening, fearful faces, or hear sounds related to fear
35
Facial-Feedback Effect
expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes us to subjectively experience that emotion
36
Sequence Of Normal Sexual Response: 4 Stages
1. Excitement 2. Plateau 3. Orgasm 4. Resolution
37
Refractory Period
Time during which a male cannot achieve another orgasm immediately preceding an orgasm
38
Gender
the cultural, social and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity or femininity
39
Gender Identity
a persons psychological sense of being male or female
40
Gender Role
the behaviors, attitudes and personality traits that are designated as either masculine or feminine in a given culture
41
Sex
biological category of male or female as defined by physical differences in genetic composition and reproductive anatomy and function
42
Sexual Orientation
the direction of a persons emotional and erotic attraction toward members of the opposite sex, the same sex, or both sexes
43
Gender Schema Theory
gender role development influenced by formation of schemas or mental representations (ideas), of masculinity and femininity ex: Truck= for boy, the boy will learn to go to the truck
44
Social Learning Theory
gender roles are acquired through learning, including reinforcement, punishment, and modeling -children are rewarded when they display gender- appropriate behavior and punished when they do not
45
Sympathetic Nervous System Response: Fight or Flight
set of physiological changes that occur when an organism experiences stress that allows that organism to either flee or fight in response to that stress
46
Male and Female reproductive behavior | What are they typically seeking in a partner (in terms of reproduction
Male- youth, physical attractiveness (signals health and high- quality genes) Women- financial security, access to material resources, high-status education
47
Paraphilia
form of non-traditional sexual behaviors in which a persons sexual gratification depends on an unusual sexual experience, object, or fantasy

Psychology 106 (2 decks)

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