Flashcards in Unit 1 Deck (37)
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1
what are the three basic issues of human development
nature vs nurture
continuity vs discontinuity
universal vs context specific
2
what is an example of nature vs nurture
am i tall because my father is tall
or
am i tall because i eat a healthy diet each and everyday
3
genetic and hereditary influences are nature or nurture
nature
4
environmental influences and experiences are nature or nurture
nurture
5
what is continuity vs discontinuity
whether development progresses smoothly throughout the lifespan or whether life is really a set of specific and discreet stages, each with unique characteristics
6
what is an example of continuity vs discontinuity
do we think the same way when we are children as when we are adults, the difference being just that we accumulate more knowledge and experience or do we think differently with age
7
what is universal vs context specific
whether everyone follows the same path of development or whether each person will find their own unique path
8
what are the five theoretical approaches (or lenses)
psychodynamic perspective
learning theory
cognitive perspective
ecological and systems approach
life-span and life course theory
9
what is the psychodynamic perspective
the idea that there are forces or drives within us that lead us to behave the way we do
not under our control or aware of them
10
who is the most famous psychodynamic theorist? who studied under him
Freud
Erik Erikson
11
what did Erikson propose
that the personality and social development of the individual occurs through 8 stages across the lifespan
12
what are the two types of the learning theory
behaviourism
social-learning
13
what is behaviourism
we learn through what happens after we behave. Behaviour is followed by reinforcement or punishment
14
what is social-learning
that we learn by watching other people and imitating what we see
we may be selective about who we imitate depending on who we are and what we can do
15
what is the cognitive development theory
how we think and how we gather information about the world around us
16
what are the three cognitive development theories
Jean Piaget
Lawrence Kohlberg
Information Processing Theory
17
what is the Jean Piaget theory
suggests from early infancy we are actively engaged with the world and building our knowledge and concepts of people objects and events
18
what did Jean Piaget help parents and developmentilists learn
that infants are not idle, when they hold an object then put it in their mouth and then drop it they are gathering information about the size texture and functioning of the object
19
what is the Lawrence Kohlberg theory
he developed jean piagets theory further, focusing on moral reasoning
how we think specifically about moral dilemmas, and proposes that individuals progress through a series of stages
20
what is the information processing theory
takes a more technical approach and focuses on how information is taken in how it is stored and how it is later retrieved,
how we select information
21
what is the ecological and systems approach
we must not only observe the child but we must also understand something about his/her parents and their relationships and the community and extended family
22
what is the life-span and lifecourse perspective
there is plasticity in growth and development and that we cannot truly understand oneself or others without understanding what has gone on in their life
timing and combination of events and circumstances is important in the development
23
what are some research methods examples
self report data
representative sampling
systemic data collection
24
what is self report data
an example is asking friends and family for their opinions
but you have to be careful that they have not biases towards the topic
25
what is representative sampling
only sampling from one group of people is limiting
important to gather information from a representative sample that is broad range of people
26
what is systemic data collection
requires we develop and follow consistent procedures and record information accurately
27
what are the approaches in developmental data collection
naturalistic observations
structured observations
sampling behaviour with tasks
self reports
28
explain the limitations of naturalistic observation
there may be so much going on that it can be difficult to keep track, what are the ethics of this data collection, will the researcher change her behaviour based on others
29
what are limitations of structured observations
when we remove people from their natural environments to environments that have been set up for the study
it is hard to know whether they will react he same or if they will change based on the environment
30