Unit 1 Flashcards
(216 cards)
1
Q
ecology
A
how organisms interact with each other and environment
interactions drive evolutionary change
2
Q
ecological levels
A
organismal
poplulation
community
ecosystem
3
Q
organismal level
A
organisms
4
Q
population level
A
group of organisms of same species living together in same place & reproducing
5
Q
community level
A
all of different populations that live in the same area
6
Q
ecosystem level
A
all living and nonliving things interacting together in an area
7
Q
number of individuals in an are
A
population density
8
Q
patter of dispersal of individuals across the area
A
population distribution
9
Q
highest possible growth rate for a population
A
biotic potential
10
Q
indicates the number of individuals in a cohort that are still living over time
A
survivorship curves
11
Q
first curve
A
death comes late
large mammals
(pic)
12
Q
second curvd
A
death unrelated to age
birds, lizards, rodents
(pic)
13
Q
third curve
A
death comes early
non rodent small mammals, fish, invertebrates
(pic)
14
Q
number of individuals added to population increase in each generation
A
exponential growth
15
Q
produces j shaped curve
cannot comtinue indefinitely
A
exponential
16
Q
limited by environmental factors
A
logisitical growth
17
Q
includes lag phase, exponential growth, and deceleration
A
logistical growth
18
Q
produces s shaped curve
carrying capacity
A
logistical curve
19
Q
max number of individuals of species the environment can support
A
carrying capacitt
20
Q
r strategists
A
opportunistic species
21
Q
organisms are generalists and colonizers
A
opportunistic
22
Q
populations stays in lag or exponential growth stage
A
opportunistic
23
Q
k strategists
A
equilibrium species
24
Q
organisms are strong competitors and tend to be specialists
A
equilibrium species
25
abiotic fsctors that affect the population the same regardless lf population density
ex: natural disasters
density independent factors
26
biotic factors that have more impact on higher density populations
ex: competition and predation
density dependent factors
27
same number of species in an area
species richness
28
equal distribution of different species
species diveesity
29
place or home of organism
niche
30
what organism could do if there was no competition
fundamental niche
31
what they do to avoid competition with other species
realized niche
32
limited in diet
specialist
33
diverse diet
generalist
34
specific habitat requirements
specialists
35
live in variety of habitats
generalists
36
dont tolerate change well
specialist
37
can tolerate change
generalists
38
has a narrow nich
specialists
39
has a broad niche
generalists
40
mechanism that increase number of niches by dividing the resource such as food or living space between species
resource partitioning
41
theory that 2 species cannot occupy the same niche in the same place at same time
compete for habitats
competitive exclusion principle
42
defense mechanism
```
camo
warning colors
startle response
mimicry
evasive actions
flocking/schooling
playing dead
```
43
symbiotic relationships
parasitism
commensalism
mutalism
44
parasite benefits
| host affected
parasitism
45
postive for one party
| neutral for other
commensalism
46
both parties benefit
mutalism
47
process which symbiotics relationships develop
| 2 species pressure imposed by one another
coevolution
48
relationship between coevolution and symbiosis
symbiosis is a result of coevolution
49
gradual change in makeup of community following disturbance or begin with new soil
ecologicsl succession
50
formation of new soil from exposed rock due to abiotic factors
primary succession
51
disturbance bases which there is progressive change from grasses to shrubs to mixture
secondary sucession
52
self feeders
| capture energy and synthesize organic from inorganic
autotrophs
53
plant eaters
herbivores
54
perform photosynthesis for food
producers
55
meat eaters
carnivores
56
eat actual food
cannot synthesize
must take in organic food
heterotrophs
57
eat bits of decaying organic matter
detritivores
58
break organic molecules into inorganic components
decomposers
59
takes in organic food
consumer
60
which resource flows one way through the ecosystem
heat
61
which resource cycles through ecosystem
nutrients
62
how much energy is lost at each trophic level
90%
63
based on photosynthetic plants or algae
grazing food web
64
based on decomposers and dead material
detrital food web
65
four biogeochemical cycles
water
carbon
nitrogen
phosphorus
66
nonliving factors
abiotic
67
living factors
biotic
68
look at pics of cycles
in notes
69
varity of lofe in earth
biodiversity
70
species that is likely to become endangered in the future
threatened species
71
species in peril of immediate extinction throughout all or most of its range
emdangered species
72
what organization manages endangered species in US
fish and wildlife services
73
organisms at most risk of extinction in US
plants
74
importance of genetic diversity for healthy species
some individuals can survive better due to environmental changes
75
habitats that contain a large concentration of species
biological hotspots
76
causes of extinction
```
habitat loss
exotic/invasive species
pollution
climate change
overexploitation
```
77
any non native species
exotic species
78
any exotic species that takes over a new habitat and drives out native species
invasive species
79
how can invasive species be introduced
human colonization
escape
accidental transport
80
types of pollution
acid rain
eutrophication
organic chemicals
climate change
81
absorbs uv radiation from sun
ozone
82
where is ozone hole
south pole
83
how did ozone hole form
chlorofluour carbons break it down
84
affects of ozone hole
planktons are affected
land plants health decline
human and animals = eye problems and skin cancer
85
substances that contribute to acid rain
nitrogen oxides
sulfur dioxides
earths acids
86
how is acid rain prodiced
burning of fossil fuels
87
substances that contribute to cultural eutrophication
nitrates
phosphates
ammonia
88
where does cultural eutrophication come from
fields
sewage plants
fertilizers
89
how can cultural eutrophication affect bodies of water
robs it off oxygen
90
what causes salinity increase in water and soil
salt from roads
agriculture
sewers
91
area of land that drains into a common outlet
watershed
92
anaerobic
gram negative
rod shaped bacteria found in instestines of warm blooded animals
fecal coliform bacteria
93
why measure fecal coliform bacteria
unsafe amounts cause diseases
94
purpose of allium test
determine how polluntsnts affect growth and development of organisms
95
absence lf hard surfaces, precipitation, and melt water seep into ground
infilteration
96
precipitation and melt water runs across surfaces and enters sewers that dump into rivers, lakes, and streams
run offs
97
shallow drainage courses filled with native, deep rooted vegetarion
bioswale
98
design uses filteration properties of plants and soil to reduce run offs
green roofs
99
what does CITES stand for
convention of international trade of endangered species
100
play critical role in ecosystem
keyston species
101
provoke an emotional response
flagship species
102
edges around landscape patch provide different habitat than the favorable interior
edge effect
103
breaking of habitats
habitat fragmentation
104
what does the EPA protect
```
air
water
land
endangered species
hazordous waste amd toxic substances
```
105
darwins trip on HMS Beagle
animals are dif from england
plants and animals evolve
earth is very old
natural selection
106
taxonmist developed the bionomial system of nomenclature
car linneaus
107
said every species has a perfect form
plato
108
saw that organisms vary in complexity and can be arranged on order of increasing complexitiy
aristotles
109
known as count buffton
wrote about all known plants and animals
environmental influence
leclerc
110
suggested evolution based on botany and zoology
changes in animals during development
vestigial structures
erasmus darwin
111
used comparative anatomy to develop system of classifying animals
founded palentology
cuvier
112
geogologists that suggested a gradual processes change the environment
earth was very old
hutton
113
wrote an essay on the principle of population
impact of limited resources
malthus
114
proposed inheritance of aquired characteristics
lamark
115
independently discovered the process of natural selection
ar wallace
116
stages lf evolution based on natural selection
organisms exhibit variation that can be passed from one generation to the next
compete for available resources
individuals in a population differ in terms of reproductive success
become adapted to conditions as environmemt changes
117
evidence darwin gathered to support natural selection
galapagos island
finches
turtles
118
how evolutionary change can be studied
fossil record
homology
vestigal structures
biochemical evidence
119
change in gene frequencies between populations
microevolutionr
120
study of gene frequencies and their changed within a population
population genetics
121
alleles of all genes and it all individuals of a population
gene pool
122
change to the DNA sequence
mutation
123
p =
frequency of dominant allele
124
q=
frequency of recessive allele
125
hardy weinberg equation
p+q=1
| p2+2pq+q2=1
126
individual choose a mate with preferred trait
assortstive mating
127
extreme phenotype is favored
bacterial population
direction selection
128
sharp reduction in size of population due to environmental or human changes
bottleneck affect
129
loss of genetic variation when new population os established by a small population from a large ome
founder effect
130
controlled by multiple genes
polygenic traits
131
when memebers of one sex choose mates based on particular traits
sexual selection
132
sharing genes between 2 populations
gene flow
133
intermediate phenotype is favored
more or less than expected will survive better
stablizing selection
134
two or more extreme phenotypes are favored over any intermediate phenotype
snails: wild habitat with low food
disruptive selection
135
mating between closely related imdividuals
influence genotypes ratio of gene pool
prevents evolution
interbreeding
136
differences in physical appearance between males and females
sexual dimorphism
137
prevents interbreeding
first stage im forming new species
reproductive isolation
138
random changes in allelic frequencies of a populationw
genetic drift
139
know diagrams of seletion
pic
140
when individuals with heterozygote genotype survive better amd reproduce more than either homozygous
heterozygote advantage
141
large scale evolutionary change vs micro allele frequenciesw
macroevolution
142
defintion of species that defines slecies by specific diagnostic traits
morphological
143
analysis of phylogenetic tree to determine common ancestor
phylogenetic
144
relies primarily on reproductive isolation
biological
145
concept to explain speciation in fossil record
evolutionary
146
anatomical
physiological
behavioral difference
prevents mating
prezygotic isolation
147
anatomical or physiological differences
| prevents mating
post zygotic isolation
148
two species in different habitat less likely to mate
flycatchers
habitat isolation
149
reproduce at different times
frogs
temporal isolation
150
females and males recognize each other
behavioral isolation
151
genaralia are incompatible
| dragon flies
mechanical isolation
152
two different gametes wont fusew
gamete isolation
153
offspring of two different species
hybrid
154
new species arise due to an interruption of gene flow between populations geographically separated
allopatric speciation
155
speciation withoit geographic barrier
sympatric speciation
156
similarity in structure in distantly related groups due to similar selective pressures
concergent evolution
157
similar in function but not related to ancestry
different in anatomy
analogous structures
158
similar structure related in ancestry
homolgous structures
159
speciation occurs after populations become isolated
slow evolutionary pathway
gradualistc model
160
flucuating pace of evolution
puncutated equlilbrium
161
genes that bring radical changes in body shapes and organs
developmental genes
162
study of history of biodiversity
systematics
163
process of identifying, naming and organizing biodiversity into related categories
taxonomy
164
evolutionary family tree
phylogeny
165
2 part latin name to categorize a species
binominal nomenclature
166
theee domains
archaea
eukarya
bacteria
167
taxonmic groups in order
```
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
speices
```
168
domain euakrya is most related to which domaim
archaea
169
archaea live where
```
extreme environments
low oxygen
salty watter
high temps
high acid
```
170
features present in common ancestor of group
ancestral traits
171
features arose later descendants but not present of ancestor
derived traits
172
branching diagram shows different relatiin groups and shows derived traits
cladogram
173
evolutionaly lineage consisting of an ancestral soecies and its descendants
clade
174
simplest solution in analysis of evolutionary relationships
parisomony
175
taxon that is not part of the group whose relationship is being studues
outgrouo
176
group being studied in cladistics
ingrouo
177
sources of traits used today to study evolutionary relationships
```
fossil traits
morphological traits
behavioral
molecular
protein comparison
molecular clocks
```
178
fossil traits
can be dated
cant tell if its extinct
179
morphological trits
homolgous features
180
behavioral traits
related soecies share common behaviors
181
molecular traits
looks for dna sequencing
| codes for proteins
182
protein comparison
amino acid sequencing
183
molecular clocks
nucleic acid changes that are neutral (not natural selection)
184
why are virsues not considered living
lack fossilization and difficult history
185
how are viruses categorized
size and shape
type of nucleic acid
presence or abscence outer envelope
186
structure of virus
pic
187
lytic and lysogenic cycles
pic
188
viruses that attack bacterial cells
bacteriophages
189
retroviruses contian what
reverse transcriptase
190
capable of coverting their rna genome into dna copy
rna transcriptase
191
infectious strand of rna developed of capsid
| smaller than virus
viroid
192
infectious particle of protein only
| misfolds proteins
prion
193
living organisms can emerge from non living things
spontaneous generation
194
pasteurs experiment
bacteria in the air contaminate a broth
195
location of bacterial chromosome
nucleoid
196
hairlike bristles that allow adhesion
fimbriae
197
accesseory ring of dna
plasmids
198
two bacteria join via this
conjugation pilis
199
two bacteria join via conjugation pilis and one cell donates dna to the other
conjugation
200
splitting of parent cell into two daughter cells and severes as asexual form of reproduction in bacteria
binary fission
201
cell picks up free pieces of dna
transformation
202
when bacteriophages carry portions of dna from one bacterial cell to another
transduction
203
has a thin peptidoglycan wall
blocks drugs
pink/red
gram negative
204
has a thick peptidoglycan wall
| purple
gram postive
205
prokaryote unable to grow im oxygen
obligate anaerobe
206
prokaryote able to grow with or without oxygen
faculative anaerobe
207
spore formed within a cell from bacteria
endospore
208
how does cyanobacteria produce food
photosytheiss in thylakoid membrane
209
know types of cyanobacteria
pic
210
spiral of helical shaped bacteria
spirilum
211
rod shaped bacteria
bacillus
212
round shaped bacteria
coccus
213
how archae differs from bacteria
rna sequences
structure of cell membrane
different cell wall structures
214
obligate anaerobes found in swamps, marshes, instenstines
chemoautotrophs that use H2 to reduce CO2 to methane and produce ATO
methanogens
215
high salt environments, ocean, lakes, soil
aerobic chemoheterotrophs that carry out photosynthesis without oxygen
halophiles
216
hot and acidic environments, hot springs, geysers, thermal vents, volcanos
anerobic chemoautotrophs and use H2 and Sulfur in electron transport chains
thermoacidophiles
