Unit 2 Flashcards
(275 cards)
1
Q
contractile vacuoles in protists
A
assists in water regulation
2
Q
mixotrophic
A
autotrophic and heterotrophic
3
Q
asexual reproduction in protists
A
mitosis
4
Q
when does sexual reproduction happen in protists
A
when environmental conditions are unfavorable
5
Q
where does supergroup fall in taxonmic hieracrhy
A
below domain
6
Q
what are archaeplastid distinguished by
A
plastids
7
Q
plastidd
A
plant and algar organelles surrounded by double membrane and contain internal membranes or vesicles
8
Q
include red and green algae
A
archaeplastida
9
Q
what are green algae most related to
A
land plants
10
Q
supergroup includes spirogyra, chlamydomonas, volvox
A
archaeplastida
11
Q
know what spirogyra, chlamydomonas, and volvox look like
A
lab book
12
Q
red algae are single or multi celled
A
multi
13
Q
life cycles of volvox
A
notes
14
Q
conjugation
A
transfer genetic material from one cell to another
15
Q
three groups of sar supergroup
A
stramenophiles
alveolates
rhizarians
16
Q
stramenophiles have
A
plastids
17
Q
alveolates have
A
alveoli
18
Q
alveoli
A
small air sacs lying just under the cell membrane to support the cell surface
19
Q
stramenophiles include
A
brown algae
diatoms
water molds
20
Q
brown algae are single or multi celed
A
multi
21
Q
brown algae have
A
holdfasts
stipes
airbladders
22
Q
examples of brown algae
A
laminara
fucus
23
Q
role lf diatoms in ecosytems
A
oxygen and food for heterotrophs create diamtameous earth
24
Q
how do water molds feed
A
live off dead organic materials
25
agricultural problems caused by water molds
toxins
26
alveolates are single or multi celled
single
27
alveolates include
dinoflagellates
ciliates
apicomplexans
28
red tide
bloom of dinoflagellates cause water to turn red due to poisoning
29
ciliates are single or multi
single
30
how dow ciliates move
cilia
31
how many nuclei do ciliates have
2
32
types of nucleus of ciliates
macro and micro nucleus
33
how do ciliates reproduce sexually
conjugation
34
macronucleus of ciliates
undergo mitosis
35
type of ciliate
paramecium
36
apicomplexans are
parasitic
37
apicomplexans are also called
sporozoans
38
vector
transfer foreign genetic material into a cell
39
types of apicomplexans
plasmodium
| toxoplasma
40
life cycle of plasmodium
notes
41
rhizarians are in what environment
marine
42
what do rhizarians have
pseudopodia
43
types of rhizarians
foraminiferans
| radiolarians
44
what do foraminiferans produce
calcium carbonate test
45
what test do radiolarians produce
silicate test
46
are excavata single or multi
single
47
how do excavata move
flagella
48
what do excavata have
oral groove
49
oral groovew
for feeding
50
types of exacavata
parabasalids
| diplomonads
51
what do parabasalids and diplomonads lack
mitochondria
52
example of parabasalid
trichomonas
53
what does trichomonas cause
std
| vaginal infection
54
example of diplomonads
giardia
55
what does giardia caus
beaver fever from water
56
kinetiplastids contain what in their mitochondira
large masses of dna
57
example of kinetoplasitd
trypanosoma
58
what does trypanosoma cause
african sleeping sickness
| chagas disease
59
how do amoeboza move
pseudopods
60
pseudopodia
extenstions of cytoplasm that allow cell to creep along
61
how do amoeboids feed
phagocytosis
62
phagocytosis
engulf whole food particles
63
recognize the protists in lab
lab
64
example of disease causing amoeboza
entamoeba histolyica
65
type of amoeboza
slime molds
66
what is included in opisthokonta
animals and fungi
67
unicelluar membrans of opisthokonta
chaonoflagellates
| nuclerariids
68
saprotriphs
absorb food
69
mycelium
tangled mass of hyphal filament
| body of fungus
70
hyphae
filament of vegetative body
71
septa
cella may be separated by incomplete cell walls
72
septate fungi
fungi with septa
73
non septate fungi
fungi eithout septa
74
chitin
material of fungal cell wall
75
dikaryotic
2 nuclei from 2 parent
76
spore
asexual reproductive/resting crll capable of developing into a new organism without fusion
77
life cycle of fungus
notes
78
what phylum does chytrid fungi belong to
chytridomycota
79
environment of chytrid fungi
aquatic
80
what do chytrid gametes and spores have
flagella
81
can chytrids be parasitic
on plants
82
what has one species of chytrids causes
amphibian decline
83
spored that chytrid form
zoospores
84
example of zygospore fungi
bread mold rhizopus
85
life cycle of rhizopus
notes
86
sporangium
produce spores
87
gametangium
produce gametes
88
zygospore
thick walled resting cell formed by sexual reproduction of zygospore fungi
89
sac fungi phylum
ascomycota
90
unicellar sac fungi
yeast
91
how does yeast reproduce
budding
92
life cycle of sac fungi
notes
93
examples of sac fungi
peziza
aspergillus
penicillium
94
am fungi phylum
glomeromycota
95
am fungi symbiotic relationshipsneith
plants
96
phylum of club funig
basidomycota
97
examples of basidomycota
```
mushrooms
puffballs
shelf fungi
birds next fungi
toadstools
stinkhorsn
```
98
life cycle of club fungus
notes
99
basidomycota that parasitize crops
rusts
| smuts
100
what forms lichens
algae and fungus
101
three types of lichen
crustose - crust
fructose-
foliosd- leaf life
102
why are lichens good indicator organsisms
can tell something is wrong with water, air, fungus, dirt, etc
103
why are lichens good colonizers
can start over after natural diasters
104
mycorrhizae
fungus and plants
105
endomycorrhizae
fungal hyphae grow into plant cell wall but not the cytoplasm
106
ectomycorrhizae
fungal hypae grows between cell walls and forms a mantle
107
type of symbiosis mycorrihizae demostrates
mutualistic
108
what each partner contributes in mycorrhizae
plants provide food
| fungus increas root surface and improve mineral absorption
109
evidence for green alage ancenstry
morphological and molecular info
110
algae most closely related to land plants
charophytes
111
example of green algae
charo
112
general life cycle of plant
notes
113
sporophye
produce spores
114
gametophyte
produce gametes
115
antheridium
sperm producing
116
archegonium
egg producing
117
spore
asexual reproductive part
118
dominat generation
mature part of plant
119
cuticle
outer covering to preserve water loss
120
stomata
pore for gas exchange
121
apical tissue
rapidly dividing cells
| primary growth
122
examples of bryphytes
mosses
liverworts
hornworts
123
which environment is bryophytes restricted to
moist
124
why are bryophytes only in moist places
covered by cuticle
| flagellated sperm
125
gemmae
detach and start new plant
126
rhizoids
hairlike structures on roots to assist in anchoring plants and aborbs water
127
largest group of bryophytes
mosses
128
life cycle of moss
notes
129
slides of moss
lab
130
members of lycophytes
club moss
| spike moss
131
do lycophytes have vascular tissue
yes
132
types of vascular tissue
xylem
| phloem
133
xylem
transports water
134
phloem
transports nutrients
135
microphylls
leaves that contains one bundle of vascular tissue
136
rhizome
branching underground stem
137
sporophys
spore producig
138
strobili
microphylls bearing sporangia and are group into club shaped
139
parts of club moss
notes
140
members of oteridophytes
ferns
horsetails
whisk ferns
141
ptetidophyes also known as
seedless vascular plants
142
mircophylls
single unbranched leaf
143
megaps
broad leaves with multiple strands ld vasuclar tissue
144
where do horsetails live
moist
145
what do horsetails stems contain
silica
146
parts of whisk fern
notes
147
example of whisk fern
psiltum
148
parts of horsetail
notes
149
example of horsetail
equisteum
150
megaphys lf ferns
fronds
151
divisin of fronds
leaflets
152
sori
sporangia in clusters
| under fronds
153
life cycle of ferns
notes
154
why are ferns in mosit placesw
flagellated sperm
155
whats in a see
embryo
| food
156
purpose of seed coat
protectionr
157
heterosporous
produce 2 types of spores
158
homosporousd
produce only one spore
159
pollenw
male sporophyte
160
pollination
pollen grain contacts female gametophye by wind or pollinator
161
pollen tube
passage for sperm to egg
162
ovule
contains female gametophye
| devdlops into seed
163
gymnosperms
naked seed
| ovule not enclosed by sporiphye tissue
164
angiosperm
vessel seed
ovule surrounded by sporophye tissue
becomes fruit
165
monoecious
produce male and female gametes on same plante
166
dioecious
only male or female
167
megaspore
female gametophyte
| archegonium
168
microspores
male gametophytes
169
why are conifers in dry places
thick cuticle
recessed stomata deeper in leaves
needle like leaves
170
life cycle of conifer
notes
171
where are cycads
tropical
172
conifers are diocious
true
173
how are conifers pollen spread
insects
174
where are ginkgo native to
china
175
three genera of gnetophyres
gnetum
ephedra
welwitschia
176
gymnosperms most closely relaated to angio sperms
gnetophyres
177
why sre angiosperms important
widespread
provide habitat
human diet
provide clothes, housing, meds
178
two groups of angiosperms
monocot
| eudicot
179
cotyledom
seed leaf
| stored food for embryo
180
one cotyledon
monocotr
181
flower parts in 3
monocot
182
pollen grain with 1 pore
monocot
183
visually herbaceous
monocot
184
parallel veination
monocot
185
scattered bundles in stem
monocot
186
fibrous root system
monocot
187
two coryledoms
eudicot
188
flower parts in 4 or 5
eudicot
189
pollen grain with 3 pores
eudicot
190
woody or herbaceuous
eudicot
191
net veination
eudicot
192
vadcular bundles in a ring
eudicot
193
taproot system
eudicot
194
label clower
notes
195
complete
include sepal, petals, stamens, carpels
196
incomplete
lacks 1 of 4 parts
197
perfect
has stamen and carpel
198
imperfect
has stamen or capel bur not both
199
infolorescence
cluster of flowers
200
composite
appears to be single flowe but is a group of tiny flowers
201
life cycle of angiosperms
notes
202
purpose of fruit
seed dispersal
203
function of parts of plantsw
notes
204
two systems of plants
root
| shoot
205
five functions of roots
```
water absorption
anchor
produce growth hormone
store food
surivie winter
```
206
tap root
straight root straight down
207
lateral root
roots attached to tap root
208
fibrous root system
no one root is promient
209
where are fibrous roots
monocots
210
node
branch or leaf attached
211
internode
region between nodes
212
axillary bud
produce mew leaves
213
functions of stems
support leaves
increase shoot length
transport water and nutrients
can store water and nutrients
214
deciduious
annual leave shedding
215
apical meristem
primary growth
length stem or root
root or stem
216
later meristem
woody plants
secondary growth
girth
217
pericermw
protective tissue that replaces epidemris
218
cork
outer covering of bark
219
cork cambiumw
lateral meristem that produces cork
220
stomata
opening for gas exchange
221
guard cells
open and close stomata
222
root hairs
cover roots for water aborption
223
trichomes
hair from epidermis
224
types of ground tissue
parenchyma
collenchyms
solernchyma
225
parenchyma
most abundant
least specialized
organs
226
collenchyma
thick walls
| support immature plant reguons
227
scelerenchyma
liginin cell walla
| gives support to mature parts
228
tracheids
seprated by pits
229
vessels
separated by pores
| found only in angiosperms
230
tube cells in ploema also called
sieve tube members
231
contains nucleus and genetic material in phloems
companion cells
232
structure of root
notes
233
root nodules
nitrogen fixing bacteria
234
prop roots
extra support
| aboveground
235
pneumatrophores
gas filled chambers
236
terminal bud
bud develops at apex of shoot
237
shoot apical meristem
actively dividing ebryonic cells at shoot
238
vascular cambium
lateral meristem that produces secondary phloem and xylem
239
ground meristem
pith and cortex
240
proterderm
epidermis
241
procambium
vascular tissue
242
herbaceuous stems
only primary growth
243
woody stems
primary and secondary growth
244
wood
annula rings of xylem
245
annual rings made of
secondary xylem
246
advantage of woody
grow taller
| long life
247
disadvantage of woody
more energy
| defesne mechanisms
248
stolinw
horizontal stems
249
rhizome
underground horizontal stems
| asexual reproduction
250
tuber
enlarged rhizomes
251
corm
stem covered in papery leaves
252
leaf structure
notes
253
difderencr in leaf types
notes
254
angiosperm life cycle
notes
255
parts of flower
notes
256
inflorescence
group or cluster of flowers arranged on stem
257
fertilization
sperm contacts egg
258
diagram of mega and mirco
notes
259
self pollination
pollinate on same plant
260
cross pollination
pollinate on dif plants
261
bee pollinated
blue and yellow
sweet smell
suck uo nectar on tube
needs platforms
262
moth of butterfly
white or yellow or pink or red (bf)
sweet or no smells
deep tube
needs flat platform for bf but moths dont
263
hummingbrid
red
little ordor
slender tube
no platform
264
why angiosperms have flowers and fruits
easy dispersal
265
hypocotyl
root axis
266
epicotyl
shoot apical meristem
267
pericarp
thickened ovary s
268
exocarp
putermost layer of skin on fruit
269
mesocarp
fleshy tissue between exo and endo carp
270
endocarp
boundary around seeds
271
animal dispesal
eaten
droped on ground to be burries
attahhed to animals
272
wind dispersal
open areas
have wings or parachutes
thin and light
tumbleweed
273
water diserosal
heavy seed with air pockets or oils
| hit by raindrops and scatter seeds- splace cup disersal
274
self disersal
weakened tissues at slightest tissue
| explsive fruit ruptures when ripes and release seeds
275
fruit types
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