Unit 1 Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Uses fuels such a sugars and fats
- end products are carbon dioxide and water+ useful energy
A
Catabolism
2
Q
Useful energy + simple precursors
-end products are complex molecules
A
Anabolism
3
Q
Requires energy
A
Anabolic pathways
4
Q
Requires reduced coenzymes (NADPH, QH2)
A
Anabolic pathways
5
Q
They are divergent
A
Anabolic pathways
6
Q
Activated by high level of ATP
A
Anabolic
7
Q
Break down macromolecules into smaller ones
A
Catabolic
8
Q
Generates energy
A
Catabolic pathways
9
Q
Generates reduced coenzymes (NADH, QH2)
A
catabolic
10
Q
Convergent
A
Catabolic
11
Q
Inhibited by high level of ATP
A
Catabolic
12
Q
Oxidized means what
A
Adding oxygen
13
Q
Name the purpose of energy generation
A
- Mechanics work for cellular movement and muscle contraction
- Active transport of ions and molecules across membrane
- Biosynthesis of macromolecules
14
Q
Does synthesis of complex molecules and many other metabolic reactions require energy?
A
Yes
15
Q
Requires energy
A
Endergonic
16
Q
What does the breakdown of some metabolites do?
A
Releases significant amount of energy
17
Q
Release of energy
A
Exergonic
18
Q
What happens when delta g is more than 0?
A
More unfavorable
19
Q
When delta g is less than zero what happens?
A
More thermodynamically favorable
20
Q
What is delta g used to predict?
A
Direction and how far the reaction is from equilibrium
21
Q
Delta g is what?
A
Free energy change
22
Q
When k equilibrium is more than one then what is delta g
A
Negative
23
Q
If k equilibrium is more than one then which direction does the reaction move?
A
Forward
24
Q
When k equilibrium is 1.0 then what is delta g
A
Zero
25
If k equilibrium is 1.0 then which way does the reaction move?
Is at equilibrium
26
If k equilibrium is less than one then what is delta g
Positive
27
If k equilibrium is less than one then which way does the reaction move
In reverse
28
What is ATP considered
Universal currency of free energy in biological systems
29
ATP hydrolysis is what?
| Exergonic or endergonic?
Exergonic
| Yields energy
30
How does ATP hydrolysis drive metabolism?
By shifting the equilibrium of coupled reactions
31
ADP and AMP are both more stable or less stable than ATP?
More stable
32
In the ATP molecule what determines the amount of energy?
The structure ie. the removal and addition of phosphate groups
33
Separation of the 4 negative charges on ATP
Electrostatic repulsion
34
Order of standard free energies of hydrolysis of some phosphorylated compounds
```
Phosphoenolpyruvate
1, 3 biphosphoglycerate
Creatine phosphate
ATP to ADP
Glucose 1-phosphate
Pyrophosphate
Glucose 6- phosphate
Glycerol 3-phosphate
```
35
Creatine phosphate +ADP
| —> creatine phosphate
ATP + creatine
36
Regarding he basic concepts of metabolism, more carbons means what?
More carbons to be oxidized which makes it a better fuel source
37
What is stage one of catabolism ?
Breakdown of monomeric units (fatty acids, glucose and amino acids)
38
What is stage two of catabolism?
Creation of acetyl CoA
39
What is stage three of catabolism?
Entrance into Citrix acid cycle —> release of carbon dioxide which then creates ATP
40
The cycle between ATP —> ADP
Motion, active transport, biosynthesis and signal amplification
41
Cycle between ADP —> ATP
Oxidation of fuel molecules of photosynthesis
42
Higher the oxidation number the more what?
The more reduced the molecule is which leads to more energy
43
Higher oxidation number = ?
Better fuel molecule
44
Oxidation number is based off what?
Electronegativity of the central carbon molecule
45
Compounds that have carbons with oxidation numbers greater than zero
Fuel molecules
46
Number of electrons assigned to the carbon
Oxidation number
47
What is the oxidation of the carbon in carbon dioxide
Zero, which means it is not a fuel molecule
48
What types of molecules make better fuel molecules
Lipids and fats
49
What makes sugars less reduced than lipids
Has more hydrogen’s and oxygens
50
Glucose is converted to what?
1, 3 BPG
51
Generation of ATP via oxidation of phosphorylated high energy intermediates
Substrate level phosphorylation
52
When a substrate is being used that is higher up in ranking what can it be used as?
Phosphate group donor
53
Generation of ATP via proton motive forces across mitochondrial membrane during oxidation of biological fuels
Oxidative phosphorylation
54
Synthesis of bio molecules —> ?
Reduced form is required
55
What are NAD+ and FAD
Non reduced molecules
56
In a redox reaction NAD+ is reduced to make what?
NADH
57
What does reduced mean
Gain of electrons
58
What does oxidized mean
Lose of hydrogen
59
How many reactive sites does FAD have?
Two active sites
| Which means it can accept two electrons and two protons
60
FAD is the oxidized or the reduced form?
Oxidized
61
FADH2 is the oxidized or the reduced form?
Reduced form
62
What does the hydrolysis of Coenzyme A result in?
ATP
63
What is the central motif for metabolism?
Acetyl CoA
64
What group is carried in ATP
Phosphoryl
65
What group is carried in NADH and NADPH
Electrons
66
Vitamin precursor for NADH and NADPH
Nicotinate (niacin)
67
What group is carried in the activated form of FADH2
Electrons
68
What is the vitamin precursor of FADH2
Riboflavin (vitamin b2)
69
What group is carried in the activated form of FMNH2
Electrons
70
Vitamin precursor for FMNH2
Riboflavin (vitamin b2)
71
What group is carried in coenzyme A
Acyl
72
What is the vitamin precursor of coenzyme a
Pantothenate
73
What group is carried in the activated form of thiamine pyrophosphate
Aldehyde
74
Vitamin precursor of thiamine pyrophosphate
Thiamine (vitamin b1)
75
Group carried in the activated form of biotin
CO2
76
Vitamin precursor of biotin
Biotin
77
Group carried in the activated form of tetrahydrofolate
One carbon units
78
Vitamin precursor of tetrahydrofolate
Folate
79
Group carried in activated form of uridine diphosphate glucose
Glucose
80
Group carried in activated form of nucleoside triphosphate
Nucleotides
81
Coenzyme of thiamine (b1)
Thiamine pyrophosphate
82
Coenzyme of riboflavin (b2)
FAD
83
Coenzyme of pyridoxine (b6)
Pyridoxal phosphate
84
Coenzyme of pantothenic acid
Coenzyme a
85
Coenzyme of biotin
Biocytin
86
Coenzyme of folic acid
Tetrahydrofolate
87
Coenzyme of b12
5’ deoxyadenosyl cobalamin
88
Reaction type used in thiamine
Aldehyde transfer
89
Reaction type of riboflavin
Redox
90
Reaction type of pyridoxine
Group transfer to or from amino acid
91
reaction type of pantothenic acid
acyl- group transfer
92
reaction type of biotin
carboxylation and carboxyl transfer
93
reaction type in folic acid
one carbon transfer, thymine synthesis
94
reaction type in b12
methyl transfer, intramolecular rearrangements
95
what are the noncoenzyme vitamins
retinol a, ascorbic acid (c), calciferol and calcitriol (d), alpha tocopherol and quinone
96
role of retinol (a)
roles in vision, growth and respiration
97
role of ascorbic acid (c)
antioxidant
98
role of calciferol and calcitriol
regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism
99
role of alpha tocopherol
antioxidant
100
role of quinone (k)
blood coagulation
101
metabolic pathways are regulated in three ways, what are they?
controlling the amount of enzymes, controlling catalytic activity and controlling the accessibility of substrates
102
to control the enzyme amount and activity
rate of synthesis and degradation
103
how to control enzyme activity
feedback inhibition and covalent modification
