Unit 1 Flashcards
(212 cards)
1
Q
the ______ is the space between the pleural cavities and occupies the center of the thoracic cavity
A
Mediastinum
2
Q
The boundaries of the mediastinum Anterior: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Posterior: \_\_\_\_\_\_ Superior: \_\_\_\_\_\_ Inferior: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Lateral: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A
The boundaries of the mediastinum Anterior: sternum Posterior: thoracic vertebrae Superior: thoracic inlet Inferior: diaphragm Lateral: pleura
3
Q
What are the divisions of the mediastinum and which one has subdivisions?
A
Superior mediastinum
Inferior mediastinum
Inferior mediastinum is further subdivided into anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum
4
Q
What are the contents of the middle mediastinum?
A
Pericardium and heart, phrenic nerves and cardiac plexus, pulmonary trunk bifurcation, R and L pulmonary arteries and veins, ascending aorta, Superior and inferior vena cava, azygous vein, tracheal bifurcation, R and L bronchi, lymph nodes
5
Q
What are the contents of superior mediastinum?
A
Thymidine remnants Trachea Esophagus Brachiocephalic trunk Superior vena cava Aortic arch Brachiocephalic artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, internal thoracic vessels vagus nerve, phrenic nerve, thoracic duct and lymph nodes
6
Q
What is the arterial supply to the thymus?
A
Inferior thyroid artery
Internal thoracic artery
7
Q
what is the venous drainage of the thymus?
A
Thymus vein -> brachiocephalic vein
Internal thoracic vein
8
Q
What are the tributaries to the brachiocephalic veins?
A
Subclavian Internal jugular vein vertebral vein Inferior thyroid vein Internal thoracic vein Left superior interostal vein i
9
Q
What forms the superior vena cava?
A
Formed by two brachiocephalic veins
10
Q
Where does the superior vena cava begin and end?
A
Begin: behind right first costal cartilage
End: behind right 3rd costal cartilage
11
Q
What are the tributaries to the superior vena cava?
A
Right brachiephalic vein Left brachiocephalic vein Azygous vein Pericardial veins Mediastinal veins
12
Q
Where does the arch of the aorta lie?
A
Lies behind the manubrium sterni
13
Q
Where does the arch of the aorta begin and end?
A
At the level of the sternal angle (T4/T5)
14
Q
What are the branches of the arch of the aorta from left to right?
A
Brachiocephalic artery (AKA innomiate)
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
15
Q
What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum?
A
Esophagus Thoracic aorta Azygous and hemiazygous veins Thoracic duct, Lymph nodes Sympathetic trunk Vagus nerves
16
Q
_________ is a muscular tube; 10 inches long. Lined with stratified squamous epithelium
A
Esophagus
17
Q
Where does the esophagus begin at?
A
The level of CVI form the cricoid cartilage
18
Q
_______ pierces the diaphragm at the level of TX
A
Esophagus
19
Q
Where the esophagus joins the stomach, what epithelium is it lined with?
A
Simple columnar epithelium
20
Q
Sites of Constriction of the posterior mediastinum
A
A the junction of the pharynx and esophagus
Where the esophagus is crossed but the arch of aorta
Where the esophagus is compressed by the left main bronchus
At the esophageal opting of the diaphragm
21
Q
What is the arterial supply for the upper 1/3rd postieror compartment?
A
Inferior thyroid artery -> thyrocervical trunk-> subclavian trunk
Middle 1/3 -> thoracic aorta
Lower 1/3-> left gastric artery -> celiac trunk
22
Q
What is the venous drainage that is associated with upper 1/3?
A
Inferior thyroid vein
23
Q
What is the venous drainage of the middle 1/3 of the posterior mediastinum?
A
Azygous vein
24
Q
What is the lower 1/3 of the venous drainage?
A
Left gastric vein-> portal vein
25
What is the lymphatic drainage of the upper 1/3 of the posterior mediastinum?
Deep cervical nodes
26
What is the lymphatic drainage of the middle 1/3 of the posterior mediastinum?
Mediastinal nodes
27
What is the lymphatic drainage of the lower 1/3 of the posterior mediastinum?
Left gastric nodes -> celiac nodes
28
What nerve innervates esophagus?
Vagus nerves
29
L _______ nerves forms anterior plexus of esophagus
| R _______ nerves forms posterior plexus of esophagus
Vagus
| Vagus
30
What is the sympathetic innervation of esophagus?
Cervical trunk
| Thoracic trunk
31
What is the general sensation of the esophagus?
Parasympathetic
32
What sensation is associated with pain int eh esophagus?
Sympathetic
33
the thoracic aorta begins at ________ and ends at ______
Begins at the level of the sternal angle
| Ends at the vertebral level of T12 (aortic opening)
34
________ aorta becomes continuous with the abdominal aorta
Thoracic aorta
35
Thoracic aorta lies in the ______ mediastinum
Posterior
36
What are the branches of the thoracic aorta?
```
Posterior intercostal arteries ( lower nine)
Subcostal arteries
Superior phrenic arteries
Pericardial branches
Esophageal branches
Bronchial branches
Mediastinal branches
```
37
_______ and _____ veins joint to form the azygous vein
Ascending lumbar and subcostal veins
38
Azygous vein passes through the _________ at T12
Aortic opening
39
______ vein ascends in the posterior mediastinum
Azygous
40
Azygous vein arches over the ______ (T4) to drain into ______
Right bronchus to drain into superior vena cava
41
What is the longest lymphatic channel?
Thoracic Duct
42
Where does the thoracic duct begin?
At the cisterns chyli (T12)
43
Where does the thoracic duct begin, pass and end?
Begins at cisterna chyli (T12)
Passes through the aortic opening
Ends at the junction left internal jugular and subclavian veins
44
What are the tributaries of the thoracic duct
Left jugular lymph trunk
Left subclavian lymph trunk
Left bronchomediastrinal lymph trunk
45
What are the tributaries of the right lymphatic duct
Right jugular lymph trunk
Right subclavian lymph trunk
Right bronchomediastinal lymph trunk
46
What is the anterior mediastinum composed of?
Thymus remnants
| Lymph nodes
47
What are the landmarks for the following?
Suprasternal notch: ____
Sternal angle: _____, costal cartilage ___
Xiphisternal joint: _____
Costal margin: formed by rib _ to _
Clavicle: ______
Rib 1: _________
Apex beat: ____ intercostal space, ____ inches from the midline
```
Suprasternal notch: T2/T3
Sternal angle: T4/T5, costal cartilage 2
Xiphisternal joint: T9/T10
Costal margin: formed by rib 7 to 10
Clavicle: subcutaneous
Rib 1: not palpable
Apex beat: 5th intercostal space, 3.5 inches from the midline
```
48
What is the cutaneous nerve supply for the anterior wall?
Supraclavicular nerves and intercostal nerves
49
What is the cutaneous nerve supply for the posterior wall?
Posterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves
50
What is the cutaneous nerve supply from the branches of the cervical plexus?
Supraclavicular nerves
51
Where does the mammary gland extend vertically and transversely from?
Vertically from the second to the sixth rib and transversely from the sternum to the mid axillary line
52
Most of the mammary gland lies in the ______ fascia of the pectoral region. A small part o the gland pierces the ____ fascia and extends into the _____
Superficial; deep; axilla
53
What are the three arteries that supply blood to the breast?
Internal thoracic artery
Axillary artery
Intercostal arteries
54
What does the internal thoracic artery supply in the breast?
Mammary branches
55
What does the axillary artery connect to in the breast?
Thoracoacromial artery and lateral thoracic artery
56
What does the intercostal arteries connect to in the breast?
2nd to 4th intercostal arteries
57
What is the lymphatic drainage of the breast?
```
Anterior axillary (pectoral) nodes
Internal thoracic (paraternal) nodes
Intercostal nodes
```
58
What are the origins and insertions of the pectoralis major?
OR: clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages, external oblique aponeurosis
IN: lateral lip of the intertubercular groove
59
What are actions and innervation of Pec major?
NS: medial and lateral pectoral nerves
AC: flexion, adduction, medial rotation of arm
60
What are the origins and insertions of pec minor?
OR: 3rd, 4th, 5th ribs
IN: scapula (coracoid process)
61
What is the innervation and action of pec minor?
NS: medial pectoral nerve
AC: pulls the shoulder downward and forward; elevates ribs
62
What are the origins and insertions for subclavius?
OR: first costal cartilage
IN: clavicle (inferior surface)
63
What is the innervation and action of subclavius?
NS: nerve to subclavius
AC: depresses the clavicle; stabilizes the sternoclavicular joint
64
What is the most superficial muscle in the intercostal space?
External intercostal
65
The external intercostal extends from ______ to the ________
***same for internal intercostal
Inferior margin of the rib above o the superior margin of the rib below
66
What are the directions of the fibers of the external intercostal muscles?
Internal intercostal muscles?
EIC: Downward and forward
IIC: Downward and backward
67
What is the most active muscle during inspiration?
External intercostal
68
_____ forms the intermediate layer of the intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal
69
What is the most active muscle during expiration ?
Internal intercostal
70
_____ is the most evident on the lateral thoracic wall of the intercostal muscles
Innermost intercostal
71
where does the innermost intercostal extend to?
From the inner surface of the rib above to the deep surface of the rib below
72
Where is Subcostales most evident at and where does it span?
Most evident on the lower posteiror thoracic wall
| It spans multiple ribs
73
What is located on the deep surface of the anterior thoracic wall in the intercostal space?
Transversus thoracis
74
What are the two actions of the intercostal muscles?
Support intercostal spaces during breathing
| Pull ribs nearer to one another and help in labored breathing
75
What are the 5 intercostal muscles?
```
External intercostal
Internal intercostal
Innermost intercostal
Subcostales
Transversus thoracis
```
76
What is the nerve supply in the intercostal space?
Intercostal nerves
77
______ is present between internal costal and innermost layer of muscles in the intercostal space
Neurovascular bundle (intercostal artery, vein and nerve)
78
Where is the neruovacualr bundle located?
Between internal intercostal and innermost layer of muscles in the intercostal space
79
Internal thoracic is a branch of what artery?
Subclavian artery
80
The internal thoracic descends _________ and ends ________
Descends posterior to the costal cartilages and ends int he sixth intercostal space by dividing into its two terminal branches
81
What are the two terminal branches of the internal thoracic artery?
Superior epigastric and musculophrenis arteries
82
The internal thoracic vein drains into the ________ vein
Brachiocephalic vein
83
What are the 5 branches of the internal thoracic artery?
```
Superior epigastric artery
Musculophrenic artery
Anterior intercostal arteries
Pericardiophrenic artery
Mediastinal artery
```
84
What is the arterial supply of the intercostal space?
Anterior intercostal arteries
| Posterior intercostal arteries
85
What are the anterior intercostal arteries branches of?
Internal thoracic and musculophrenic arteries
86
What are the posterior intercostal arteries branches of?
Branches of subclavian and thoracic aorta
87
The first two posteiror intercostal arteries are branches of what artery?
Subclavian
88
Where does the anterior intercostal veins drain into?
Internal thoracic and musculophrenic veins
89
Where do the posteiror intercostal veins drain into?
Azygous and hemiazygous veins
90
Where do the fruit two LEFT POSTERIOR intercostal veins drain into?
Brachiocephalic vein
91
________ nerves are the anterior rami of the first 11 spinal nerves
Intercostal nerves
92
What are the branches of the intercostal nerves?
```
Anterior cutaneous branch
Lateral cutaneous branch
Collateral branch
Pleural and peritoneal branches
Muscular branches
Contribution to brachial plexus (T1)
Lateral cutaneous branch of T2 (intercostal nerve)
```
93
What are the borders of the thoracic inlet? (Anterior, lateral, posterior)
Anterior: manubrium sterni
Lateral: medial margin of the first rib
Posterior: first thoracic vertebra
94
_______ membranes are present at the thoracic inlet
Suprapleural membranes
95
What are the borders of the thoracic outlet? (Anterior, anterolateral, posterolateral, posterior)
Anterior: xiphisternal process
Anterolateral: costal margin (rib 7 to 10)
Posterolateral: end of rib 11, rib 12
Posterior: body of T12
96
Diaphragm is present at the _______
Thoracic outlet
97
What are three examples of secondary cartilaginous joints in the thoracic wall?
Xiphisternal joint
Manubriosternal joint
First sternocostal joint
98
```
Sternocostal joints (chondrosternal):
First sternocostal joint: ___________
2nd to 7th sternocostal joints: ________
```
First sternocostal joint: secondary cartilaginous
| 2ns to 7th sterni costal joints: synovial plane joints
99
What are examples of synovial plane joints in the thoracic wall?
```
2nd to 7th sternocostal joints
Costovertebral joints (costoporeal and costotransverse joints)
```
100
_______ is a dome shaped musculotendinous septum at the inferior thoracic aperture
Diaphragm
101
During normal expiration, the right dome is present at rib _____ and is slightly _______ (higher or lower) than the left
Rib 5; higher
102
The left dome is present at the ___________
5th intercostal space
103
The _________ support the lungs while the _____ tendon is related to the pericardium and the heart
R and L domes support the lungs and pleura; central tendon related to the pericardium and heart
104
What are the three origins of the diaphragm?
Sternal part: ________
Costal part: ________
Vertebral part:_______
Sternal part: xiphoid process
Costal part: costal margin, ends of ribs 11 and 12
Vertebral part: lumbar vertebrae, crura, arcuate ligaments
105
The right crus originates form what?
| The left crus originates from what?
Right: bodies of the first 3 lumbar vertebrae
Left: from the bodies of the first 2 lumbar vert
106
________ ligament is the thickened fascia over the psoas major muscle
Medial arcuate ligament is fascia over the psoas major
107
_______ ligament is the thickened fascia over the quadratus lumborum
Lateral arcuate ligament
108
_______ ligament arches over the aorta and connects to the two medial arcuate ligaments
Median arcuate ligament
109
The diaphragm is inserted into the __________
Central tendon
110
Where does the central tendon lie?
At the level of the xiphisternal joint
111
What are the 4 funcitons of the diaphragm?
Muscle of inspiration
Muscle of abdominal straining
Weight lifting muscle
Thoracoacromial—abdominal pump
112
What are the 3 openings in the diaphragm?
Vena caval opening
Esophageal opening
Aortic opening
113
Vena cava opening lies at the level of _____. What are it contents?
T10
| Contents: inferior vena cava, right phrenic nerve
114
Esophageal opening lies at the level of ____. What are its contents?
T10. Contents: esophagus and vagus nerves
115
Aortic opening lies at the level of _____. What are its contents?
T12
| Contents: aorta and thoracic duct
116
Pericardium lies in the _____ mediastinum and consists of ______ and ______ pericardium
Middle mediastinum; fibrous and serous pericardium
117
_______ is the tough outer CT layer in the pericardium. It attaches to the _______ tendon of the diaphragm
Fibrous pericardium; central tendon
118
The fibrous pericardium fuses superiorly with _______. Anteriorly it attaches to the _______
Superior: adventitia of the great vessels
Anterior: sternopericardio ligament
119
_______ is thin and consists of parietal and visceral (epicardium) layers
Serous pericardium
120
_______ layer of the serous pericardium lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium
Parietal
121
What are the 3 nerve supply to the pericardium?
Phrenic nerve
Vagus nerve
Sympathetic fibers
122
What is the anterior (sternocostal) surface of the heart formed by?
RA, RV and LV
123
What is the right pulmonary surface of the heart formed by?
RA
124
What is the left pulmonary surface of the heart consist of?
LV and a portion of LA
125
What does the inferior (diaphragmatic) surface of the heart consist of?
LV and RV
126
What does the posterior surface of the heart (base of heart) consist of?
Mostly of the LA.
127
_________ separates the inferior surface from the posterior surface of the heart
Coronary sinus
128
___________ circles the heart and separates the atria from the ventricles
Coronary sulcus
129
_________ is present on the anterior surface of the heart
_______ is present on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart
*** both are external sulci
Anterior interventricular sulcus
Posterior interventricular sulcus
130
Inferior of the RA is divided into two continuous spaces: ________ and _______
Atrium proper and sinus of venue cavae
131
The RA separation into the atrium proper and the sinus of vena cava is indicated externally by ______ and internally by ______
Sulcus terminalis; crista terminalis
132
__________ is the space in front of the crista terminalis cordis
Atrium proper
133
Rough ridges present on the walls of the atrium proper are called _________
Musculi pectinati (pectinate muscles)
134
__________ is the space present posteiror to the crista terminalis cordis in the RA.
Sinus vena cavae
135
Where does the superior and inferior vena cava open into?
Sinus of venae cavae
136
Sinus of venae cavae is derive from the _____ and its walls are _______ and ______
Sinus venosus
| Smooth and thin
137
What marks the interatrial septum?
Fossa ovalis
138
The margin of the fossa ovalis is called ________
Annulus ovalis (limbus fossa ovalis)
139
What are the 5 openings in the RA?
```
SVC
IVC
Right AV orifice
Coronary sinus
Anterior cardiac veins
```
140
________ are the smooth walls of the RV and is derived from the embryonic bulbous cordis
Conus arteriosus (infundibulum)
141
The outflow tract of the RV has smooth walls known as ____________
Conus arteriosus (infundibulum)
142
LA forms the ______ of the heart
Base
143
________ is the smooth outflow tract that is present near the aorta
Aortic vestibule
144
Aortic vestibule of the LV and the conus arteriosus (infundibulum) of the RV are derived from the _______ ______
Bulbous cordis
145
What arteries arise from the ascending aorta
R and L coronary arteries
146
The R coronary artery descends vertically in the _______ between the RA and RV and continues in the sulcus onto the __________ surface of the heart
Coronary sulcus; diaphragmatic
147
What are the branches of the right coronary artery?
Atrial branch
Right marginal branch
Posterior interventricular branch (posterior descending artery PAD)
148
The ________ artery is short and referred to as the left main stem vessel
Left coronary artery
149
Where does the left coronary artery pass and enter?
Passes between the pulmonary trunk and the left auricle before entering the coronary sulcus
150
What are the branches of the right coronary artery?
Anterior interventricular branch and the circumflex branch
151
The anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery descends in the _________ and gives one or two diagonal branches
Anterior interventricular surface
152
Circumflex branch of the left coronary artery courses toward the left in the _________ and continues onto the _________ surface of the heart
Coronary sulcus and continues onto the base/diaphragmatic surface of the heart
153
Which vein drains directly into the RA?
Anterior cardiac vein
154
What are the two venous drainage systems of the heart?
Anterior cardiac vein which drains directly into the RA
| Coronary sinus
155
_________ is the continuation of the great cardiac vein and runs on the posterior surface of the heart
Coronary sinus
156
What are the tributaries to the venous drainage of the heart?
Great cardiac vein (anterior Interventricular vein)
Small cardiac vein (left marginal vein)
Middle cardiac vein (posterior interventricular vein)
Posterior caridac vein
157
SA node is supplied directly by what artery?
Right coronary artery
158
What is the order of the cardiac conduction system
SA node-> AV node-> bundle of His (AV bundle)-> R and L bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers
159
Bundle branches further divide to eventually become continuous with the ___________ plexus of the conduction cells (Purkinje fibers)
Subendocardial plexus
160
Pulmonary trunk arises from the _______ of the RV
Conus arteriosus
161
Pulmonary trunk is contained within the ________
Pericardial sac
162
Pulmonary trunk ascends to the left of the _______ and at the level of the IVD between _______ and _____ divides into R and L pulmonary arteries
Ascending aorta
| T5 and T6
163
______ is present between the pulmonary trunk and arch of the aorta
Ligamentum arteriosum
164
_______ begins at the base f the LV and ends at the level of the sternal angle
Ascending aorta
165
Ascending aorta begins at ____ and ends at the level of the ______
Base of the LV
| Sternal angle
166
What are the divisions of the parietal pleura?
Costal
Diaphragmatic
Mediastinal
Cervical
167
Cervical pleura (pleural cupola) extend superiorly above the ______ into the ______
First rib into the neck
168
What membrane covers the cervical pleura?
Suprapleural membrane
169
______ pleura covers the mediastinum
Mediastinal pleura
170
_______ forms a sleeve-like sheet for structures that pass between the lung and mediastinum
Mediastinal pleura
171
What is the nerve supply to the following?
Costal pleura: _______
Mediastinal pleura;______
Diaphragmatic pleura: _____
Intercostal nerves
Phrenic nerve
Phrenic nerve
172
At the _______ of the lung, the partial pleura (mediatinal pleura) become continuous with the visceral pleura
Hilum
173
What innervates the visceral pleura?
Pulmonary plexus
174
The lower lateral part of the pleural space is the deepest part and is referred to as the _____________
Costodiaphragmatic recess
175
Structures that attach the lung to the structures of the mediastinum form the ________ of the lung
Root of the lung
176
Root of the lung is present at _____ to _____ vertebral level
T5 to T7
177
What are the 6 structures that form the root of the lung?
```
Main bronchus
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Bronchial vessels
Pulmonary plexus of nerves
Lymphatics
```
178
_______ is a fold of pleura that projects inferiorly from the root of the lung
Pulmonary ligament
179
What ligament allows the root of the lung to move during respiration?
Pulmonary ligament
180
Right lung has __ fissures, _______ and _____. And __ lobes, _____, _____, and ____
2 fissures, oblique and horizontal
3 lobes, upper, middle and lower
181
What are the medial relations of the right lung?
Heart, IVC, SVC, azygous vein, esophagus and right subclavian vessels
182
Left lung has an ______ fissure and _____ lobes
Oblique fissure and 2 lobes
183
inferior portion of the medial surface of the lung is notched bc of the _______
Heart
184
A tongue like extension extends form the anterior border of the upper lobe of the left lung and is called the _________
Lingula
185
Medial relations of the left lung include?
Heart, arch of aorta, esophagus, and left subclavian vessels
186
Trachea extends from the _____ to the ________
Trachea extends from the cricoid cartilage (T6) to the Sternal angle (T4/5)
187
Each main primary bronchus passes through the ________ into the lung
Hilum
188
_______ main bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical than the _____ one
Right main bronchus; left one
189
_____ main bronchus is narrower, longer and more angular
Left
190
Main bronchus divides within the lung into _______
Lobar bronchi (secondary bronchi)
191
Each lobar (secondary) bronchi supplies a _______
Lobe of the lung
192
Lobar bronchi divide further into _______ bronchi
Segmental (tertiary)
193
Segmental (tertiary) bronchi supply the _____________
Bronchopulmonary segments
194
_______ divide further to form the terminal bronchioles
Bronchioles
195
__________ supply the respiratory surfaces (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sac, alveoli)
Terminal bronchioles
196
___________ is an area o the lung supplied by a segmental bronchus and its accompanying branch of the pulmonary artery
Bronchopulmonary segment
197
How many bronchopulmonary segments are there in each lung?
10
198
Each bronchi pulmonary segment consists of what 4 things?
Segmental (tertiary) bronchus,
segmental (pulmonary) artery,
Lymph vessels
Autonomic nerves
199
Right bronchial artery is a branch of the _________ artery
3rd posterior intercostal artery
200
Bronchial veins may drain into the _______ veins of the _______
Pulmonary veins or azygous veins
201
_____ innervates the lungs and the visceral pleura
Pulmonary plexuses
202
Pulmonary plexuses are present at the ________ and are formed by _______ and _____ fibers
Bifurcation of trachea and are formed by sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers
203
Parasymapthetic fibers reach the pulmoary plexus through the _______ nerve
Vagus
204
A transverse plane extending from the _______ to the _______ divides the mediastinum into _____ and _____ mediastinum
Sternal angle to the IVD between T4 and T5
| Superior and inferior
205
What further divides the inferior mediastinum into anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum?
Pericardial sac
206
The superior mediastinum is _____ to the manubrium of the sternum and ______ to the bodies of the first four thoracic vert
Posterior; anterior
207
Brachiocephalic veins are formed behind the ______ joint by the union of the ______ and ______ veins
Subclavian and internal jugular
208
What are the tributaries of the brachiocephalic vein?
```
Subclavian
Internal jugular
Vertebral vein
Inferior thyroid vein
Internal thoracic vein
Left superior intercostal vein
```
209
Vagus nerve pass through the ____ and ____ divisions of the mediastinum on their way to the abdominal cavity
Superior and posterior
210
Arch of aorta lies behind the_______ and is present in the ______ mediastinum
Manubrium sterni
| Superior
211
______ nerves arise from the cervical plexus (c3,4,5) in the neck
Phrenic
212
Posterior mediastinum is postieror to the _____ and anterior to the ________
Pericardium
| Bodies of the lower 8 thoracic vert
