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PSYC 3070 > UNIT 1 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

developmental pyschology

A
  • field of study that deals with changes that take place in behavior, thoughts and emotions of individuals as they go from conception to the end of life
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2
Q

adult development

A
  • changes that take place within individuals as they progress from emerging adulthood to the end of life
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3
Q

empirical research

A
  • scientific studies of observable events that are measured and evaluated statistically
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4
Q

individual differences

A
  • aspects that are unique to the individual, not part of the whole group
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5
Q

commonalities

A
  • aspects that are typical of adult life
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6
Q

stability

A
  • having little or no change for significant periods
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7
Q

change

A
  • slow and gradual movement in a predictable direction
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8
Q

continuous

A
  • property of development that is slow and gradual

taking us in a predictable direction

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9
Q

stages

A
  • parts of the lifespan when there seems to be no progress for some time, followed by an abrupt change
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10
Q

typical changes

A
  • common to most people
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11
Q

atypical changes

A
  • uncommon to most people
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12
Q

outer changes

A
  • external alterations visible and apparent to those we encounter
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13
Q

inner changes

A
  • internal alterations not apparent to the casual observer
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14
Q

normative age-graded influences

sources of change

A
  • common effects of age that are experienced by most adults
  • maturational process
  • socially related events
  • major life transitions
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15
Q

biological clock

normative age-graded influences

A
  • patterns of change over adulthood in health and physical functioning
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16
Q

social clock

normative age-graded influences

A
  • patterns of change over adulthood in social roles; time schedule of the normal sequence of adult life experiences
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17
Q

ageism

social clock-age graded

A
  • discrimination against those who are in a later or earlier period of adulthood
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18
Q

normative history-graded influences

A
  • effects connected to historical events and conditions that are experienced by everyone within a culture at that time
  • explaining both similarities found among people within certain groups and also the dissimilarities
  • outside of you
  • contextual environment
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19
Q

cultures

normative history-graded influences

A
  • large social environment in which development takes place
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20
Q

cohort effects
(normative history-graded influences)
(cross-sectional studies)

A
  • group of people who share a common historical experience at the same stage of life
  • shorter than a generation
  • one country or region of one country
  • problem
  • different experiences growing up
  • different environment
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21
Q

nonnormative life events

A
  • aspects that influence one’s life that are unique to the individual
  • unpredictable events
  • we don’t anticipate
  • harder to adapt
  • anticipatory coping
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22
Q

behavior genetics

A
  • study of the contributions genes make to individual behavior
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23
Q

twin studies

A
  • studies that compare similarities of monozygotic twin pairs with dizygotic twin pairs on some behavior or trait of interest; results can give information on the extent of genetic contribution to that behavior or trait
  • behavior geneticists rely on these
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24
Q

monozygotic twins

A
  • same sperm and ovum

- share exactly the same genetic patterning at conception

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25
Q

dizygotic twins

A
  • develop from a separate sperm and ovum

- no more alike, genetically, than any other pair of siblings

26
Q

interactionist view/ gene -environment interactions

s. of stability

A
  • idea that genetics influence how one interacts with the environment and the environment chooses
27
Q

epigenetic inheritance

s. of stability

A
  • process in which the genes one receives at conception are modified by subsequent environmental events that occur during the prenatal period and throughout the lifespan
28
Q

DNA methylation

s. of stability

A
  • chemical process by which genes are modified in epigenetic inheritance
29
Q

glucocorticoid receptors

A
  • how an individual responds to stress

- bring out genetic expression

30
Q

chronological age

A
  • number of years that have passed since birth

- does not cause developmental changes

31
Q

biological age

A
  • measure of an individuals physical condition
  • biological conditions
  • mobility
32
Q

psychological age

A
  • measure of an individuals’ ability to deal effectively with the environment
  • adaptability
  • how much control do they have in their lives
33
Q

social age

A
  • measure of the number and type of roles an individual has taken on at specific point in or her life
  • roles/social interaction
34
Q

functional age

A
  • measure of how well an individual is functioning in various aspects of adulthood
  • how competent you are
  • combination of all
35
Q

life-span developmental psychology approach

A
  • idea that development is lifelong, multidimensional, plastic, contextual and has multiple causes
36
Q

bioecological model

A
  • model of development proposed by Bronfenbrenner that points out that we must consider the developing person within the context of multiple environment
37
Q

cross-sectional study

A
  • data is gathered at one time from groups of participants who represent different age groups
  • cost effective
38
Q

longitudinal study

A
  • data is gathered over a period of time from the same group of people as they age
  • time of measuremnt effects
  • practice effects
  • attrition
  • cost
  • cannot be generalizable
39
Q

attrition

longitudinal study

A
  • dropout rate of participants during a study

- might be due to more outgoing//better healthcare/ healthier/ more active

40
Q

sequential study

A
  • series of several longitudinal studies begun at different points in time
  • cross sequential design
  • longitudinal sequential design
  • combined design
41
Q

personal interview

A
  • research method in which the experimenter meets with the participant and gathers data directly
  • often through open-ended and follow up questions
  • problem: emotions might become involved in the relationship which leads to making assumptions..
42
Q

survey questionnaire

A
  • written form that participants can fill out on their own consisting of structured and focused questions
  • personal interview problem
43
Q

standardized tests

A
  • established instruments that measure a specific trait or behavior
  • may be expensive
44
Q

validity

A
  • extent to which a test instrument measures what it claims to measure
  • measures what it claims to measure
45
Q

reliability

A
  • extent to which the test instrument gives the same results repeatedly under the same conditions
  • it does so consistently
46
Q

comparison of means

analysis

A
  • statistical analysis that allows researchers to determine whether the difference in measurements taken on two groups are large enough to be considered statistically significant
47
Q

correlational analysis

A
  • statistical analysis that tells us the extent to which two sets of scores on the same individuals vary together
  • patterns of stability
  • reveal patterns of stability and change
  • determine genetic contribution to behavior
48
Q

meta analysis

A
  • analysis of data from a large number of studies that deal with the same research question, yielding in more powerful results
  • summary of different researches
49
Q

experimental design

A
  • empirical study that has a high level of experimental control
  • explains cause
50
Q

descriptive designs

A
  • type of data gathering that defines the current state of participants on some measure on interest
  • cross-sectional, longitudinal, sequential studies
  • lack of experimenter control
51
Q

qualitative research

A
  • research without numerical data

- interview, participant observations

52
Q

quantitative research

A
  • research with numerical data
53
Q

primary aging

A
  • normal

- disease free development

54
Q

secondary aging

A
  • changes due to disease or change in lifestyle
55
Q

tertiary aging

A
  • very rapid loss of functioning
    0 terminal drop/drastic change
  • year or two to live
56
Q

lifespan approach

A
  • life long process
  • development…
  • includes gains and loses
  • is multidimensional and multicausal
  • is plastic (modified)
  • is affected by historical, social and cultural context
  • multidisciplinary
57
Q

microsystem

bronfenbrenner

A
  • immediate environment
58
Q

mesosystem

bronfenbrenner

A
  • relation in micro

- how does your work respond

59
Q

exosystem

bronfenbrenner

A
  • current political state
  • larger environment
  • media
60
Q

macrosystem

bronfenbrenner

A
  • culture we live in

- stereotypes

61
Q

chronosystem

bronfenbrenner

A
  • time

PSYC 3070 (12 decks)

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