UNIT 5

Question 1

social roles

Answer 1

• expected behaviors and attitudes that come with one’s position in society

Question 2

role transitions

Answer 2

• changes in roles due to changes in the individual or in his or her life circumstances

Question 3

biological clock

Answer 3

• patterns of change over adulthood in health and physical functioning

Question 4

social clock

Answer 4

• patterns of change over adulthood in social roles

- time schedule of the normal sequence of adult life experiences

Question 5

gender roles

Answer 5

• actual behaviors and attitudes of men and women in a given culture during a given historical era

Question 6

gender stereotypes

Answer 6

• sets of shared beliefs or generalizations about HOW men and women in a society OUGHT to behave

Question 7

instrumental qualities
(gender stereotypes)

Answer 7

• personal characteristics that have an active impact
• eg competitive, adventurous, physically strong
• stereotypical male qualities

Question 8

communal qualities
(gender stereotypes)

Answer 8

• personal characteristics that nurture and bring people together
• expressive and affectionate
• female qualities

Question 9

learning-schema theory

Answer 9

• explanation of gender roles stating that children are taught to view the world and themselves through gender-polarized lenses that make artificial or exaggerated distinctions between what is masculine and what is feminine

Question 10

social role theory

Answer 10

• explanation of gender roles based on children viewing the gender divisions around them and then modeling their behavior on those divisions

Question 11

proximal causes

Answer 11

• factors in the immediate environment

Question 12

distal causes

Answer 12

• factors that were present in the distant past

Question 13

evolutionary psychology

Answer 13

• field of psychology that explains human behavior in terms of genetic patterns that were useful in our primitive ancestors for survival and reproduction success

Question 14

biosocial perspective

Answer 14

• viewpoint that gender-role bias is based on both biological differences and current social and cultural influences

Question 15

transitions to adulthood

Answer 15

• period during which young people take on the social roles of early adulthood

Question 16

emerging adulthood

Answer 16

• period of transition from adolescence to young adulthood

- 18 to 25 years

Question 17

5 features of emerging adulthood

Answer 17

• The age of identity explorations
• The age of instability
• The self-focused age
• The age of feeling in between
• The age possibilities

Question 18

cohabitation

Answer 18

• living together in an intimate partnership without marriage

Question 19

alternative to marriage

cohabitation

Answer 19

• live together for a long period of time with no plans to marry

Question 20

prelude to marriage

cohabitation

Answer 20

• living together for a period of time and then marrying

Question 21

alternative to being single

cohabitation

Answer 21

• do not last very long and do not result in marriage

Question 22

egalitarian roles

Answer 22

• roles based on equality between genders

- beginning of a marriage or partnership

Question 23

marital selection effect

Answer 23

• statistical effect in which healthier people are more apt to marry and stay married, producing the appearance that marriage benefits health
• still difference in health ratings
• better health = get married

Question 24

marital resources effect

Answer 24

• explanation that married people have more financial and social resources, so have better mental and physical health
• married people = more financial resources; social support; healthier lifestyle

Question 25

marital crisis effect

Answer 25

• explanation that married people have not been through the crises involved in divorce or widowhood
• have better mental and physical health

Question 26

parental imperative

Answer 26

• genetically programmed tendency for new parents to become more traditional in their gender roles

Question 27

parental investment theory

Answer 27

• in evolutionary psychology
• the explanation that men adn women evolved different behaviors adn interests because the women have mroe invested in each child than the men

Question 28

economic exchange theory

Answer 28

• explanation of gender roles stating that men and women form intimate partnership based on an exchange of goods and services

Question 29

crossover of gender roles

Answer 29

• hypothesized change in gender roles at midlife causing women to become masculine adn men to become feminine

Question 30

expansion of gender roles

Answer 30

• change in gender roles at midlife causing men and women to broaden their gender roles to include more attributes of the opposite gender

Question 31

grandfamilies

Answer 31

• families formed when grandparents take grandchildren into their home and care for them without the presence or assistance of their parents

Question 32

caregiver burden

Answer 32

• symptoms of decline in mental and physical health common among caregivers

Question 33

social timing

Answer 33

• pattern of when we occupy certain roles, how long we occupy them, and the order in which we move from one to another

Question 34

mothering, but not mother

stepmothers

Answer 34

• responsible and caring adult, friend, provider of emotional support

Question 35

other focused

stepmothers

Answer 35

• liaison or buffer between the biological parents

Question 36

outsider

stepmothers

Answer 36

• no direct role with stepchildren

Question 37

marital friendship

Answer 37

• Fondness and admiration the spouses express for each other serves as a glue that holds the marriage together and a buffer that protects the relationship

Question 38

1. crisis loss phase

widowhood phases

Answer 38

• high emotion

Question 39

2. transition phase

widowhood phases

Answer 39

• grief and emotions decrease

- cognitively adjust and create new adaption

Question 40

3. reorganization phase

widowhood phases

Answer 40

• new routines forming

- higher social contact