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Immunology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

-mab suffix

A

Monoclonal Antibody

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2
Q

Xolair Omalizumab

A

Humanized monoclonal antibody used for the control of moderate to severe asthma

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3
Q

Omalizumab function

A

inhibits IgE from binding to FcERI on mast cells and basophils by binding to an antigen epitope on IgE that overlaps with FcERI binding site

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4
Q

Polyclonal Antibody

A

multiple antibodies against the response

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5
Q

Monoclonal antibody

A

Binds to one specific epitope

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6
Q

epitope

A

binding site region that the antibody binds to

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7
Q

Antigen

A

Antibody Generator

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8
Q

1st exposure to an allergen process

A

Allergic Reaction->Allergen (Exposed to it)-> release IgE-> Bind to Mast Cell or Basophil

make IgE, make basophils and mast cells
Allergen comes in, activates B cells, B cells make IgE

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9
Q

What part of the antibody binds to receptors

A

The FC region

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10
Q

2nd Exposure to an allergen process

A

IgE binds to the basophil/mast cell and degranulation occurs
Release histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotriens:

Allergic Response

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11
Q

IgE’s original function

A

Bind to parasite surfaces, flags parasite for destruction

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12
Q

Allergen

A

non-parasitic Antigen invoking and IgE response

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13
Q

What cells make IgE

A

B Cells

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14
Q

What activates B Cells

A

An Allergen

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15
Q

Autoimmunity (-)

A

Hypersensitivity
Over-reacting
Rejecting Transplants
Attach self/ one’s own proteins

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16
Q

Immunity (+)

A

Pathogens
Repair damage in the body
Clotting
Remove Cancers

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17
Q

Xolair blocks degranulation in

A

Mast Cells

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18
Q

Primary source of histamine

A

Mast Cells

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19
Q

Variolation

A

Inhaling or injecting smallpox crusts to try to promote immunity

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20
Q

What royal performed variolation on her children to prevent smallpox?

A

Lady Montague

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21
Q

Benjamin Jesty

A

induced immunity against smallpox using cowpox

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22
Q

Vaccinavirus -> Vaccination from

A

Edward Jenner

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23
Q

Why have there been no cases of Smallpox in 25 years?

A

Good Vaccine
Humans are the only host
The infected showed symptoms
Ring Vaccination protocol/Circle contact vaccination protocol

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24
Q

Robert Koch (Koch Postulates)

A

Isolate and culture bacteria- Tuberculosis, Cholera, Anthrax

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25
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens | Vaccination, Pasteurization
Pasteur
26
Attenuate
``` Weakening to so it does not cause the disease: attenuated vaccine Is not pathogenic Retains immunogenicity (invoke immune response) ```
27
Immunogenicity
Invokes an immune response
28
Anaphylaxis
Against protection
29
Humoralist view
Fluid in the body invokes an immune response
30
Cellularist view
Cells in the body invoke an immune response
31
coined phagocytosis
Ilya Mechnikov
32
who used the water flea to inject yeast and incite phagocytosis
Ilya Mechnikov
33
Phagocytes
Monocytes | Neutrophils
34
``` serum is protective neutralized toxin (Antitoxin) Precipitate toxin (Precipitins) Agglutinate bacteria (Agglutinins) Humoral Immunity Serum is neutralizing the Pathogen ```
Emil Von Behring
35
Humoral Immunity
Serum neutralizes the Pathogen
36
Diptheria and Tetanus Antibodies Responsible for immunity Passive Transfer of immune Serum *First immunotherapy
Kitasato
37
Passive Immunity
Does not make own Antibodies - Mother - Test animal
38
Active Immunity
Makes own antibodies | Protective
39
2 Types of Pathogens
Intracellular | Extracellular
40
What type of Immunity is Cell mediated immunity?
Intracellular
41
What type of immunity is Humoral immunity?
Extracellular (outside the cell, in serum)
42
Humoral Immunity Function
Target and remove extracellular pathogens
43
Cell Mediated Immunity Function
Target and remove intracellular pathogens
44
Gamma Globulin had all characteristics of all humoral immune response Antibody/Immunoglobulin
Kabat
45
Phagocytic Cells
Macrophage | Neutrophil
46
Opsonins
Coat foreign substances and enhance elimination
47
Opsonization
To coat w immune flag so phagocytes can egulf and digest
48
``` Anamnestic Response (2nd, booster, recall response) Mast cells Maternal Passive Immunity Autoimmunity Side Chain Theory ```
Paul Erlich
49
``` Mast Cells (Allergic Response) are found where? Generated where? ```
Found below the skin, release histamines generated in bone marrow by hematopoiesis Released into blood as undifferentiated cells Differentiate when it leaves blood and enters tissue
50
Maternal Passive Immunity
IgG- 3 months of gestation through the placenta | IgM- breast milk-secretory antibody, protects until 6 months post-birth
51
Autoimmunity
Makes and immune response to self | Celiac Disease, Lupus, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Graves
52
Side chain theory
Multiple receptors on 1 cell
53
clonal Selection Therory
Different types of cells w/ 1 receptor type (1 BCR)
54
Plasma Cells Release
Antibodies
55
Toxin Vaccines (Anatoxins) w/ formaldehyde non toxigenic, still antigenic used to treat diphtheria and tetanus *Still used today
Gaston Ramon
56
Transferred White Blood Cells to get cellular immunity | Mycobacterium- serum didn't work, so WBCs were used
Merril Chase
57
Lymphocytes
Lymph node cells
58
B Cells
B Cell -> Plasma Cell -> Antibodies | Extracellular infections
59
Removed the Thymus in mice Resulted in Cancer and Viral infections : Protective T-Cells (Thymus)
Good & Miller
60
Types of Lymphocytes
B Cells | T Cell
61
B Cells Develop in
Bone Marrow
62
T Cells Develop in
Bone marrow and transfer to the Thymus
63
All Blood cells come from
Bone Marrow
64
All mature cells can differentiate between
Self (Tolerate) and non-self (destroy)
65
B Cells use what type of immunity
Humoral immunity
66
T- Cells use what type of immunity
Cell Mediated immunity
67
B-Cell receptors have what Immunoglobulin and can bind what?
B-cell Receptors have IgM and can bind whole Antigens
68
Two types of B cells
Memory Cells | Plasma Cells->Make antibodies
69
Two types of T Cells (TCRs)
CD4 | CD8
70
CD4 T- Cells
T-Helper cells, enhance immune response
71
CD8 T-Cells
Cytotoxic T-Cells (Kill other cells)
72
MHC
Major Histocompatibility Protein | Found inside the cell, adds viral protein to the cell surface
73
Process of MHC adding viral protein to cell surface
Presentation
74
Once the MHC adds viral protein to the cell surface, that cell becomes an
APC (Antigen-Presenting Cell)
75
APC (Antigen-Presenting Cell)
Signals the Cytotoxic T Cell w TCR, recognizes presenting Antigen w/ CD8 Co-receptor
76
Once the T-Cell is activated, perforins do what?
Perforate the cell membrane, produce granzymes, leading to apoptosis
77
What do plasma cells make?
Antibodies
78
Tc
Cytotoxic T Cell | Kill virally infected cells
79
unexposed Tc response
Presented on MHC I Tc (Effector Cell) Kills Viruses- infected cells, Transplant cells/tissue, and cancer cells
80
MHCII Presents the Antigen to
T-Helper Cell (Th) for extracellular antigens
81
What are the Professional Antigen Presenting cells?
Macrophages Dendritic Cells B Cells **All present on MHC II**
82
Structure of IGg
2 Heavy Chains 2 Light Chains Bound by Disulfide Bonds
83
FAB region of an antibody
Binds foreign antigens
84
Isaacs and Linenman
1st to discover Interferon, the signal molecule
85
Interferon (IFN) function
make neighboring cells produce viral inhibitory proteins (antiviral proteins/AVPs) that block viral replication
86
IFN Action steps
Double-Stranded RNA-> IFN sees neighboring non-infected cell-> IFN binds to surface receptor-> initiates signal transduction->AVPs produced-> Blocks Viral replication
87
Types of Cytokines
Lymphokines Interleukins Chemokines
88
2 Types of antimicrobial compounds
``` Heat Stable (Antibodies) Not (Alexin/"Complement") ```
89
Complement function
Punch holes in the bacterial/pathogenic cell
90
Tonegawa
NPP for antibody diversiry
91
MHC NPP
June, Kohler, misteine
92
How to invoke an immune response
Get past 1st barrier | Injury/Damage
93
1st line of defense in an immune system
Skin | Mucous Membranes
94
Results of an injury or damage
Release histamine and serotonin Vasodilation Diapedesis --Release Neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, and tissue
95
How do phagocytes recognize pathogens?
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) not present on normal cells -Flagella, LPS, PGC, Porins, DS RNA, etc.
96
PRR (Pattern Recognition Receptors)
recognizing receptors on host cells
97
A mistake in B-Cell antigen recognition could result in
An Autoimmune response
98
Why don't neutrophils present pathogens?
Short life span
99
How long do neutrophils typically last?
24-248 hours
100
IL1
Made by macrophage or monocyte, activates T-Helper Cells (Cytokine or Monokine)
101
IL7
Inflammation | Can go to hypothalamus and reset body temperature in the brain
102
Leukocytosis
Increased WBC count
103
Leukopenia
Decreased WBC Count
104
HIV infections kill what type of Cells
CD4 Helper T-Cells, removes immune response
105
Types of Plasma Antibodies
IgM- First Responder IgG- Secondary Responder IgE- Allergy, Parasite Responder IgA, IgD- B Cell Development
106
Immunity
State of protection against foreign pathogens or substances (antigens)
107
Attenuation
weakening a pathogen, non-pathogenic, retains immunogenicity
108
Herd Immunity
Not everyone can be vaccinated, so if everyone around them is vaccinated, they should be protected.
109
What percentage of people should be vaccinated for Herd immunity to work?
98%
110
Humoral Immunity
B-Cell -> Plasma Cell-> Antibodies
111
Antibodies act as what on the B-Cell
B-Cell receptor (Extracellular)
112
Plasma cells secrete antibodies where?
Into solution *humoral response*
113
Adaptive Immune Response
B& T Cells | Occurs after exposure
114
What happens to B cells that are not activated as plasma cells?
They die in 3-4 weeks
115
How many antigens/epitopes can each B Cell bind to
ONE
116
epitope
A small region on an Antibody that the B Cell binds to
117
Once the B cell binds to the epitope
``` It becomes activated Proliferation occurs (Producing a large # of clones) ```
118
What types of cells can a Th (T-Helper Cell) activate?
B Cells or | Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8/Tc)
119
Four Categories of Pathogens
Bacteria Parasite Fungi Virus
120
Innate immune Response
Present at Birth Skin Mucous Membranes
121
PRRs are
Germ-Line Encoded | Inherited from genes
122
2nd Line of Defense: Cells
Monocytes Macrophages Neutrophils
123
Monocytes Macrophages Neutrophils **All Recognize what**
PAMPs via PRRs
124
Lymphocytes are part of
Adaptive Immunity 3rd Line of Defense recombine VDJC sets to create receptors
125
Alarmin
Endogenous substance that signals tissue and cell damage | Part of innate immunity
126
Sentinel Cells
Part of 2nd line of defense - Neutrophils - Macrophages - Basophils
127
Tolerance
Ensures Immune system avoids destroying host tissue - Random B and T Cells could be Anti-Self - -Tolerance help delete those Antibodies

Immunology (5 decks)

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