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ZEukaryotic Diversity > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

Sets 1-4

1
Q

Who developed the Scala Naturae and what does it mean?

A

Aristotle. Linear hierarchy, no evolution. Living things were considered plants or animals.

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2
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Micrographia, coined “cell”, knew evolution happened.

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3
Q

Who used the compound microscope?

A

Robert Hooke, Leeuwenhoek.

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4
Q

Father of Microbiology

A

Leeuwenhoek

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5
Q

The naming and classification of organisms

A

Taxonomy

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6
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A

Father of modern taxonomy, Systema Naturae (plants and animals), nested hierarchy.

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7
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Carl Linnaeus

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8
Q

Binomial nomenclature is

A

Genus species (italicized) Person, year.

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9
Q

King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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10
Q

Proposed MECHANISM for evolution (Natural Selection)

A

Charles Darwin

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11
Q

Darwins Idea of Evolution

A

Organisms are related and need an additional demention (TIME)

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12
Q

Ernest Haeckel

A

Protista, THIRD Kingdom.

Now: PLANTS, PROTISTS, ANIMALS

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13
Q

Robert Whittaker

A

Five kingdom classification of life.
Prokaryotes were in MONERA.
All Eukaryotes were placed in other 4 kingdoms

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14
Q

Carl Woese

A

Using rRNA split MONERA into Archaea and Bacteria.

3 Domain Classification of life: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucharya.

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15
Q

Geologic record

A

Eons, Eras, Periods, Epochs

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16
Q

The fossil records show

A

A change in life forms over time (evolution)

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17
Q

Earth formed

A

4.5 Billion

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18
Q

Prokaryotes

A

3.5 Billion

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19
Q

Photosynthetic cyanobacteria (Oxygen up) and UNICELLULAR Eukaryotes

A

2.1 Billion

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20
Q

Multicellular Eukaryotes

A

1.5 Billion

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21
Q

Mass extinction

A

65 Million led to extinction of all non-avian dinosaurs.

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22
Q

Adaptive radiation of species

A

Rapid speciation after new traits, new habitat, new area is colonized, mass extinctions

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23
Q

Antheridia

A

male gametangia, many sperm by mitosis

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24
Q

Archegonia

A

female gametangia, one egg by mitosis

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25
Q

regions of active cell division (root tips and shoot tips)

A

Apical meristem

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26
Q

Rhizoids

A

Root-like anchors on moss (non vascular)

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27
Q

evolutionary hypothesis between organisms depicted as branching - bifurcating

A

Phylogeny

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28
Q

All descendants

A

Monophyletic

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29
Q

Some descendants, but not all

A

Paraphyletic

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30
Q

Various ancestors

A

Polyphyletic

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31
Q

Group of species that includes an ancestor and all its descendants

A

Clade

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32
Q

Common ancestor, different function

A

Homologous characters

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33
Q

Similar function, evolved independently through…

A

Analogous structures, convergent evolution

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34
Q

Interaction/combination due to hybridization, endosymbiosis, or lateral/horizontal gene transfer

A

Reticulate evolution

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35
Q

carbon source from inorganic compounds

A

Autotroph

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36
Q

carbon source from organic compounds

A

Heterotroph

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37
Q

both heterotrophic and autotrophic models of nutrition

A

mixotrophic

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38
Q

Primary Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

A

Explains origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria in eukaryotic cells by Lynn Margulis (Sagan)

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39
Q

Transfer of genetic material between organisms that are not parents and offspring

A

Horizontal gene transfer transfer

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40
Q

2n

A

Sporophyte

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41
Q

1n

A

Gametophyte

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42
Q

First Primary Endosymbiotic Event

A

Heterotrophic prokaryote formed a nuclear membrane and engulfed a heterotrophic prokaryote. Which is mitochondria, making first heterotrophic eukaryotic cell..

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43
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

when one species lives within another

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44
Q

Second Primary Endosymbiotic Event

A

A heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryotic cell. Engulfed cell became photosynthetic plasmid in the first autotrophic eukaryotic cell.

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45
Q

Similarities between prokaryotes, MITOCHONDRIA, and CHLOROPLASTS. (9)

A 
Similar in size to prokaryotes.
Reproduce by binary fission. 
Single, cellular chromosome lacking histone proteins.
Internal membrane systems.
DNA and RNA as genetic material. 
Use same 20 amino acids. 
Have ribosomes.
Lipid bilayer.
L-amino acids and D-sugars.
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46
Q

Eukaryotes are more complex than prokaryotes by (5)

A 
Nuclear envelope.
Membrane-bound organelles.
Endoplasmic reticulum. 
More developed cytoskeleton. 
Mitotic and meiotic cell division vs binary fission.
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47
Q

plant-like protists

A

algae

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48
Q

animal-like protists

A

protozoa

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49
Q

Secondary Endosymbiosis

A

Red and green algae engulfed by HETEROTROPHIC EUKARYOTES

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50
Q

Giardia intestinalis

A

Unicellular intestinal parasite. Severe diarrhea, contaminated water.

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51
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Unicellular parasitic. Sexually transmitted.

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52
Q

Trypanosoma

A

Unicellular parasitic. African sleeping sickness. Transmitted by bite of a tsetse fly vector

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53
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

Unicellular. Important component in marine plankton. Some have carotenoid photosynthetic pigments. Dinoflagellate blooms with toxins.

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54
Q

Karenia brevis

A

Gulf of Mexico toxic dinoflagellate

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55
Q

Red Tide

A

Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB)

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56
Q

Zooxanthellae

A

Dinoflagellate. Mutualistic photosynthetic endosymbionts of corals. Provide O2 and carbohydrates to coral host; receive protection, CO2 and nutrients in return.

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57
Q

Coral bleaching

A

Zooxanthellae gets stressed and leaves the coral. Corals can survive a while without their endosymbionts but if they dont return they die.

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58
Q

Plasmodium

A

Parasite that causes malaria. Transmitted through bite of mosquitos. TWO HOST

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59
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A

unicellular parasite that causes toxoplasmosis (serious for infants born of infected mothers).

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60
Q

Two host parasite

A

Mosquitos and humans

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61
Q

mostly heterotrophs. have cilia made of microtubules for mobility. have micronuclei and macronuclei

A

Ciliates.

Eg. Paramecium

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62
Q

Diatoms

A

unicellular, photosynthetic, 2 part silica wall, major component in marine phytoplankton. CO2 drawdown.

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63
Q

Brown algae

A

multicellular algae, photosynthetic with brown carotenoid pigments in plastids, most seaweed. represent an evolution of complex multicellularity independent of that seen in red algae and; land plants

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64
Q

kelp is…

A

brown algae

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65
Q

Conditions for being multicellular (5)

A

Cells arose from a single cell and are genetically equivalent.
Cells remain attached.
Specialization between cells.
Cell communication.
Cell removed would most likely die on its own.

66
Q

Brown algae anatomy

A

Root-like: HOLDFAST
Stem-like: STIPE
Leaf-like: BLADES
Some have FLOATS/BLADDERS with gas to hold them up and expose to light.

67
Q

Hydrodictyon

A

Colonial philamentous alga

68
Q

Volvox

A

Colonial alga

69
Q

Exploited as a source of alginates

A

Kelp; Thickening agents in foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals.

70
Q

Oomycetes

A

Water molds, white rusts, downy mildew.
Heterotrophic decomposers or parasites.
Cause of potato blight/Irish potato famine.

71
Q

Rhizaria

A

Supergroup, many amoeba like with threadlike pseudopodia extending

72
Q

Forams

A

“Foramipherans”

Pseudopodia extend through a porous CaCO3(calcium carbonate) shell/Test

73
Q

Radiolarians

A

Pseudopodia radiate outward from silica shell.

74
Q

Red and Green Algae

A

Some uni/multicellular (seaweed). Some colonial.

Ulva - multicellular, Volvox (colonial

75
Q

naked seeds, not in ovaries

A

Gymnosperms

76
Q

seeds enclosed in ovaries that mature into fruit

A

Angiosperms

77
Q

Gymnosperm Phyla

A

conifers, cycads, ginkgo and gnetophytes

78
Q 
Largest gymnosperm phylum
Cold Climate (some evergreen, antifreeze, thin leaves for H2O)
Pines, redwoods, junipers (gin), cypress (knees), spruces and firs, gopher woods, florida yew (dioecious)(Taxol), pine trees, longleaf pine,
A

conifers (set 4, slide 23)

79
Q

very short branch with a cluster of needle-like leaves

A

fascicle

80
Q

Red algae

A

multicellular and marine.
most abundant.
Grows deeper than any other

81
Q

two groups of green algae

A

CHAROPHYTES and CHLOROPHYTES

82
Q

green algae

A

mostly aquatic, but tree trunks, soil, snow

83
Q

green algae most related to land plants

A

charophytes

84
Q

Unicellular chlorophytes

A

freshwater chlamydomonas

85
Q

colonial chlorophytes

A

freshwater volvox, filamentous pond scum

86
Q

multicellular chlorophytes

A

marine sea lettuce Ulva

87
Q

lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia

A

AMOEBOZOANS

88
Q

Fossil evidence suggests that plants were on land… years ago

A

475 million

89
Q

How many extant plant species are there

A

290,000

90
Q

what is the significance of land plants

A

supply oxygen.

base of terrestrial animal food chains.

91
Q

Land plants (Kingdom Plantae) evolved from

A

CHAROPHYTES (green algae)

92
Q

Shared characteristics of land plants and red, brown, and green algae protist

A

multicellularity
eukaryotic
photosynthetic autotrophs

93
Q

Land plants key traits with charophytes

A

Synthesizing cellulose in their cell walls.

Phragmoplast (future cell wall)

94
Q

Land plants differences between charophytes (6)

A 
Scarcity of h20/drying out.
Support against gravity.
Unfiltered sunlight.
More CO2.
Nutrient-rich soil.
Unoccupied space.
95
Q

Three LIFE CYCLES

A

Diplontic (most animals)
Alterations of Generations (plants, some protist algae)
Haplontic (most fungi, some protists)

96
Q

Diplontic Life cycle (set 3, slide 7)

A

diploid adults produce gametes by meiosis, fusion of gametes produces diploid zygote, new diploid individual.

97
Q

Alteration of Generations (set 3, slide 7)

A

Diploid sporophytes produce haploid spores by meiosis, spores grow into multicellular haploid structure (gametophyte) that produces haploid gametes by mitosis, then fusion of haploid gametes produces diploid zygote that grows into sporophyte

98
Q

Haplontic (set 3, slide 7)

A

Haploid individuals produce haploid gametes by mitosis then fusion of haploid gametes produces a diploid zygote produces haploid spores by meiosis, spores GROW into new haploid individual

99
Q

Kingdom plantae 5 traits lacking in charophyte green algae

A 
Alternation of generations.
Dependent embryos.
Walled Spores produced in sporangia.
Multicellular gametangia.
Apical meristems.
100
Q

Dependent embryos

A

The 2n sporohyte embyo is retained in the female gametophyte and is nourished by cells (embryophytes)

101
Q

Walled spores are produced in sporangia

A

2n sporophyte produces n spores by meiosis in organs called sporangia.

102
Q

Sporopollenin

A

makes sporangia resistant to harsh environments, which allows for air dispersal

103
Q

Multicellular gametengia

A

the n gametophyte produces n gametes by mitosis in organ called gametangia

104
Q

Apical meristems

A

These are regions of active cell division at the root tups and shoot tips of plants.

105
Q

Vascular tissue (water)

A

xylem

106
Q

Vascular tissue (nutrients)

A

phloem

107
Q

Land plant classification based on presence/absence of vascular tissue

A

Non-vascular bryophytes (phyla), Seedless vascular plants (2 phyla), seeded vascular plants

108
Q

Seeded vascular plants phyla

A

Lycophytes, pterophytes

109
Q

Bryophytes

A

Nonvascular land plants (moss). Gametophytes are dominant. Sporophytes are short-lived.

110
Q

Parts of moss sporophytes

A

Foot, seta, capsule (sporangium)

111
Q

Describe bryophytes life cycle

A

Temporary 2n sporophyte produces n spores in meiosis. Spores land and germinate. Create protonemata. Archegonium protects zygote and grows into sporophyte

112
Q

Early gametophytes

A

Protonemata

113
Q

Archegonia in female n gametophytes produce

A

1n egg by mitosis

114
Q

Antheridia in male n gametophytes produce (set 3, slide 22)

A

many flagellated sperm by mitosis.

115
Q

Bryophyte fragmentation

A

asexual reproduction

116
Q

Informal term (bryophyte) for three phyla

A

liverworts, hornworts, mosses

117
Q

Bryophyta

A

Formal phylum name for mosses

118
Q

Bryophyte ecological and economic importance

A

Usually found in moist, shaded habitats.
Colonize bare sandy soil and prevent nitrogen from leaching out.
Some are pioneer species.
Peat bogs or peat moss are wetland habitats with low O2, low pH, low nutrients

119
Q

Peat bogs are important reservoir for

A

organic carbon. helps reduce atmosphetic CO2 and global warming

120
Q

Advantages of peat moss

A

Used for fuel, soil additive, retain water, anthropological importance.

121
Q

Correct description of origin of mitochondria

A

Involved one heterotrophic prokaryote engulfing another

122
Q

Red tides are harmful algal blooms caused by

A

some dinoflagellates

123
Q

Which of the following protists are multicellular autotrophs with photsynthetic carotenoid pigments

A

brown algae

124
Q

Green algae is

A

paraphyletic

125
Q

In addition top the amoebozoans, which of the following aso contain amoeboid-like organisms with pseudopodia

A

radiolarians, forminoferans

126
Q

Which of the following types of eukaryotes is not monophyletic

A

protists

127
Q

Which of the following are the closest algal relatives of land plants

A

charophytes

128
Q

Protonema have large surface-area-to-volume ratios, which fasciliates

A

absorption of water and nutrients

129
Q

Mos gametophytes cells have LESS dna than sporophyte cells

A

true

130
Q

Which is not a derived characteristic of all land plants

A

dominant sporophyte

131
Q

Which is not true of an alteration of generations life cycle

A

gametophytes produce gametes by meisos

132
Q

Vascular land plants began diversifying

A

350 MYA, in the Carboniferous time period

133
Q

Comparison to Bryophytes (7)

A 
Y 5 features. 
Y Flagellated sperm. 
N Dominant sporophyte life-cycle
N vascular tissue
N Xylem cell walls with LINGIN
N roots (anchor, absorb)
N leaves (more photosynthesis)
134
Q

Two main leaf types in vascular plants

A

Microphyll- spine shaped, single leaf vein (lycophytes)

Megapyll- multiple veins.

135
Q

Seedless vascular plant life cycle (set 3, slide 45)

A

2n sporophyte produces n in meiosis in SORI, each spore germinates in bisexual gametophyte (produces antheridia, archegonia), 2n embryo develos into a new sporophyte called fiddleheads.

136
Q

Clusters of sporangia in vascular plants

A

Sori on the underside of leaves

137
Q

Lycophyta has

A

microphyll leaves

138
Q

Pterophyta has

A

megaphyll leaves (ferns)

139
Q

Ecological and Economic Importance of Seedless Vascular plants

A

Removed atmospheric CO2, global cooling, later glaciation.

Became coal, producing vast amounts of CO2 and global warming.

140
Q

two types of vascular plants with seeds

A

Gymnosperms, agiosperms (flowering plants)

141
Q

All vascular plants share (4)

A

Seeds, heterospory, ovules, pollen grains

142
Q

Seeds

A

Contain sporophyte 2n embryo with a food supply and surrounded by a protective 2n seed coat

143
Q

Heterospory

A 
Female MEGASPORE (in megasporangium)
Male MICROSPORE (in microsporangium)
144
Q

Ovules

A

Structure in parent 2n sporophyte that contains an outer 2n protective integument, 2n female megasporangium, and female n megaspore. Megaspore then grows by mitosis and produce eggs by mitosis.

145
Q

Pollen grains

A

Contain haploid male gametophytes that will produce sperm by mitosis.

146
Q

Look at set 4, slide 8/9 to understand

A

THIS CONCEPT OF COMPARISON

147
Q

vascular land plants with naked seeds

A

Gymnosperms. Dominant in drier mesozoic when seedless vascular plants declined.

148
Q

vascular plants with seeds enclosed in ovaries that will turn into fruit

A

Angiosperms

149
Q

Each 2n pollen cone contains (set 4, slide 14)

A

many 2n MICROSPORANGIA, with 2n MICROSPOROCYTES (cells), that will produce n MICROSPORES through meiosis

150
Q

Each n microspore grows by

A

mitosis into an n pollen grain and contains the n male gametophyte (later produce sperm)

151
Q

Each scale on an ovulate cone contains

A

two 2n ovules, each with an outer protective 2n integument and each with a micropyle opening (where pollen will enter)

152
Q

Each 2n ovule cone has a

A

2n megasporangium with a 2n megasporocyte cell that produces a n megasport through meiosis.

153
Q

The n megaspore in the ovule develops into a

A

n female gametophyte with an n archegonium that produces n egg mitosis

154
Q

Describe pollination of a gymnosperm (set 4, slide 18)

A

wind carries an n pollen grain to female cone, where it enters through micropyle opening and the pollen grain’s male n gametophyte grows a pollen tube delivering two haploid sperm produced by mitosis

155
Q

Describe fertilization in a gymnosperm (set 4, slide 19)

A

n sperm in the pollen tube reaches the n egg produced by the n gametophyte in 2n cone, creating a 2n zygote that grows into a new 2n sporophyte embryo

156
Q

After fertilization in a gymnosperm (set 4, slide 21)

A

the whole ovule becomes a seed w the sporophyte embryo and food inside with seed coat. Eventually the females scales separate and are released by the wind. A seed lands and germintatesin 2n sporophyte embruo starts to grow by mitosis into a seedling. (3 years)

157
Q

deciduous

A

dropping leaves

158
Q

dioecious

A

male pollen cones and female seed are produced on separate trees

159
Q

bistlecone pine

A

oldest living individuals on our planet (conifer)

160
Q

2nd largest group of gymnosperms, dioecious, palm like leaves

A

Cycads

161
Q

Only one species in the entire phylum, maidenhair tree, dioecious, females rot

A

Ginko

162
Q

Welwitschia, very slowly, long leaves

A

Gnetophytes

ZEukaryotic Diversity (16 decks)

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