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Psychology 101 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is psychology

A

the science of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

what are the 3 criteria for science?

A

systematic empiricism, publicly verifiable, solvable problems

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3
Q

who wrote the first psych textbook in 1890?

A

William James

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4
Q

describe the Roediger study

A

college graduates were randomly assigned to take reading comprehension tests to prove what study method is the best. one group was to read the story, do math problems, and read again, and then more math before taking the test (study, study). the other group read the story, did math, self tested on the story by writing down however much they could remember, do more math, and then take the test (study, test).

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5
Q

what were the results of the Roediger study?

A

the group that used the study, study method got more questions write on the first test, but the study, test group got more questions write the second and third times taking the test, ultimately proving that self testing is the best way to study.

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6
Q

a prospective that investigates psychology at the cognitive level, such as by studying thoughts and feelings

A

cognitive perspective

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7
Q

a perspective that investigates psychology by studying behavior

A

behavioral psychology

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8
Q

the study of biological influences on thinking, emotion and behavior

A

biological psychology

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9
Q

focused on discovering the structure of conscious experience by breaking it down into psychological elements

A

structuralism

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10
Q

proposed that it is the function, not the structure, of thoughts and behavioral that is important

A

functionalism

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11
Q

in contrast to structuralism, this type of psychology emphasized that people see whole forms and that the whole is more than the sum of the parts

A

gestalt psychology

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12
Q

a perceptual phenomenon in which objects appear to move even though they are stationary

A

apparent motion

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13
Q

who was the first psychologist?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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14
Q

Freud’s personality perspective, which emphasizes aspects of personality that are active and in conflict

A

psychodynamic

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15
Q

Freudian therapy.

A

psychoanalysis

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16
Q

the view that psychology should focus exclusively on observable behavior

A

behaviorism

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17
Q

one of the most influential articles in the history of psychology

A

“psychology as the behaviorist view it” by John B Watson in 1913

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18
Q

who was the most famous behaviorist and most famous psychologist after Freud

A

B. F. Skinner

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19
Q

an important movement in psychology that suggested that psychology should focus on distinctively human qualities

A

humanistic psychology

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20
Q

an aspect of the humanistic perspective that involves fulfilling one’s potential

A

self-actualization

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21
Q

care and approval that are given unconditionally

A

unconditional positive regard

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22
Q

what are clark and clark known for?

A

in 1947, they did a study and found that black children preferred white dolls.

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23
Q

who was the first female president of the American Psychology Association

A

Mary Calkins

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24
Q

who was the first woman to be awarded a PhD in psych?

A

Margaret floy Washburn

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25
a general idea or framework that helps to organize what we know and want to know about a topic
theory
26
a testable idea derived from a theory
hypothesis
27
what is science
a method not content
28
research designed to test a theory
basic research
29
research designed to address a practical problem
applied research
30
characteristics of the data, such as the mean
descriptive statistics
31
how spread out the numbers are
variability of the data
32
a measure of variability; the distance from the lowest value to the highest
range
33
a common measure of variability
standard deviation
34
research that seeks to describe a phenomenon
descriptive research
35
research that involves observing behavior in its natural setting
naturalistic observation
36
an in-depth investigation of a single person or small group of people
case study
37
the group of people that one is interested in studying
population
38
of a group of people, the subset that participates in one's study
sample
39
a sample that accurately represents the whole group
representative sample
40
seeks to discover if two variables are related or associated in some way
correlational research
41
a characteristic that can hold different values, but each person has only one value at a time
variable
42
if two variables are correlated, either might cause the other
direction problem
43
if two variables are correlated, neither might be caused by the other because they are both caused by a third variable
third variable problem
44
correlation _______ causation
does not imply
45
seeks to discover if one variable causes another
experimental research
46
the participants who receive the factor that the researcher is investigating
experimental group
47
the participants who do not receive the factor that the researcher is investigating
control group
48
a problem in which there are multiple explanations for an experimental result, making it difficult to know why the result occurred
confound
49
randomly determining which condition each participant is assigned to
random assignment
50
the variable that are manipulated in an experiment
independent variable
51
the variables that are being measured in an experiment
dependent variable
52
the degree to which an experiment is free from confounds and so one can be fairly sure that any effects on the dependent variable are due to the independent variable
internal validity
53
refers to the fact that, if a person is performing at a level that is either above or below his or her mean, the person's performance will tend to return to his or her mean
regression to the mean
54
aspects of an investigation that tip off participants about what the researchers would like to find. as a result, participants might try to help the researchers by telling them what they want to hear
demand characteristics
55
a bias that involves the tendency to answer in ways that will look good
social desirability
56
occurs when an experimenter influences participants and thinks that effect is due to the variable being studied
experimental bias
57
rosenthal and fode study, 1963
gave a group of experimenters 5 rats each, telling half of them that the rats are maze-bright, half they are maze-dull. there was no real difference between the rats. the "maze-bright" rats showed superior learning
58
effects based on factors that part. think will help but actually contain nothing that should produce an effect, yet effects still occur, such as a reduction in pain
placebo effect
59
a research technique used to reduce the effects of expectations in which neither the experimenter nor the part. knows which condition that part. is in
double-blind procedure
60
the degree to which a result can be generalized to other populations (people), situations, and times
external validity
61
the probability that a finding could have occurred by chance
probability (p) value
62
a result where the probability of chance is less than 5%
significant
63
statistical analyses that calculate the probability that our result is due to chance and so allow us to draw an inference about our result
inferential statitstics
64
a technique for statistically combining the results of many studies
meta-analysis
65
a person who seems to be a part. but is actually working with the experiment
confederate
66
the ability to recognize possibilities and to evaluate those possibilities based upon evidence
critical thinking
67
Lord and colleagues study in 1979
provided mixed evidence on capital punishment to people who are in favor of and those who are opposed to the death penalty. Wanted to see how people would react to hearing a combo of info, some supporting their view and some opposing it. Results: groups tended to be more extreme in their position, people tended to be more accepting of the points that supported their views than the points that supported the other side.
68
the brain and the spinal cord
central nervous system
69
the nerves throughout the body (except CNS)
Peripheral Nervous system
70
suggests that the nervous system is composed of individual cells
neuron doctrine
71
the individual cells of the nervous system
neurons
72
the part of the neuron that performs the basic functions that keep the cell alive. the nucleus of the cell is also located here
cell body
73
the part of the neuron that receives incoming messages from other cells
dendrites
74
the part of the neuron that carries outgoing messages to other cells
axon
75
outgoing messages that travel down the axon
nerve impulses (action potentials, spikes)
76
a bundle of axons
nerve
77
relay information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
efferent (motor) neurons
78
relay info from senses to brain and spinal cord
afferent (sensory) neurons
79
connect to sensory or motor neurons
interneurons
80
suggests that the sensations we feel depend on the specific nerves carrying the impulses
muellers doctrine of specific nerve energies
81
cells that help to take care of neurons
glial cells
82
a fatty substance that wraps around axons to increase the speed of nerve impulses traveling down the axon
myelin
83
gaps in the myelin
nodes of ranvier
84
myelinated axons
white matter
85
cell bodies
gray matter
86
a barrier that helps to protect the brain from substances in the blood
blood brain barrier
87
the charge of the inside of the cell relative to the outside
resting membrane potential
88
charged particles such as sodium
ions
89
the spreading out of particles, such as to produce an even concentration of the particles in a liquid
diffusion
90
attraction between particles of opposite charge and repulsion between particles of like charge
electrostatic
91
porous; open
permeable
92
the value that the membrane potential must reach to trigger an action potential
threshold of excitation
93
the point where the axon leaves the cell
axon hillock
94
info that depolarizes the cell
excitatory
95
info that hyperpolarizes the cell
inhibitory
96
a period during which the cell cannot fire an action potential
absolute refractory period
97
the period following the absolute refractory period during which the cell can fire, but greater excitation than usual is needed
relative refractory period
98
the fact that action potentials do not vary in size, rather, they either fire or don't fire
all-or-none law
99
conduction down a myelinated axon where action potentials can jump from one node of ranvier to the next
saltatory conduction
100
the terminal membrane of the axon of the sending cell, the small gap between the cells, and the dendrite membrane of the receiving cell
synapse
101
small sacs that fuse with the terminal membrane of the axon and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap
vesicles
102
chemicals that diffuse across the synaptic gap and bind into receptors to send information from one cell to another
neurotransmitter
103
a structure on the membrane of a neuron that is activated by the presence of a certain neurotransmitter
receptor
104
the reabsorption of neurotransmitters by the axon to be used again
reuptake
105
the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS
glutamate
106
the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS
gamma-amnobutyric acid
107
a neurotransmitter implicated in schizophrenia and parkinson's disease (the feel good hormone)
dopamine
108
a neurotransmitter implicated in depression
seratonin
109
a hormone similar to epinephrine when it is secreted into the bloodstream; also implicated in depression
norepinephrine
110
a stress hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration
epinephrine (Adrenalin)
111
an endocrine gland that secretes insulin and glucagon to regulate the level of sugar in the blood
pancreas
112
chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream
hormones
113
carries sensory info from the world around us to the central nervous system and motor instructions from the CNS to to our voluntary muscles
Somatic nervous system
114
carries sensory info from the internal organs and glands to the CNS and back
autonomic nervous system
115
the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body
sympathetic nervous system
116
the division of the autonomic nervous system that relaxes the body
parasympathetic nervous system
117
a very dangerous infection of meninges
meningitis
118
the largest and forward most division of the brain
forebrain
119
the division of the brain between the hindbrain and the forebrain
midbrain
120
a division of the brain just above the spinal cord
hindbrain
121
a major connection between the hemispheres
corpus callosum
122
provide info about the brain activity
functional techniques
123
provides info about the metabolic activity of a certain brain or body area
positron emission tomography (PET)
124
provides a dynamic picture of brain activity by tracking changes in the blood flow
functional MRI (fMRI)

Psychology 101 (2 decks)

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