Unit 1

Question 1

Ethnocentrism

Answer 1

applying standards of our owns culture to other cultures.

Question 2

Culture

Answer 2

the collection of knowledge, beliefs, customs, and morals shared by members of a society or portion of a society.

Question 3

Cultural expectations

Answer 3

broad and widely shared cultural rules that reflect mutually held assumptions about proper and conventional behaviors in various social contexts.

Question 4

Everyday interactions

Answer 4

routine social encounters in which everyone participates.

Question 5

Symbolic interactionalist perspective

Answer 5

centers attention on the processes through which people interpret and give meanings to the objects, events, and situations that make up their social worlds.

Question 6

Social world

Answer 6

the totality of the various social locations that individuals occupy in society. Members of different classes and racial, religious, and ethnic groups inhabit different social worlds.

Question 7

Norms

Answer 7

social conventions which make up rules for acceptable behaviors.

Question 8

Proxemics

Answer 8

the study of spatial conventions or norms regarding space between people in everyday behaviors.

Question 9

Personal space

Answer 9

contained within an invisible boundary surrounding the body.

Question 10

Territoriality

Answer 10

the space that individuals or groups believe they “own”. Groups will take measures to protect their territory from “invaders”. Studies of animals groups show that they too operate within territories, which they protect from outsiders.

Question 11

Intimate distance

Answer 11

0 to 18 inches. Ex: sex, wrestling, whispering.

Question 12

Personal distance

Answer 12

1.5 to 4 feet. Ex: daily conversations.

Question 13

Social distance

Answer 13

4 to 12 feet apart. Ex: interactions at social gatherings.

Question 14

Public distance

Answer 14

more than 12 feet apart. Ex: political addresses, theoretical performances.

Question 15

Bourgeoisie

Answer 15

the capitalist class who own most of society’s wealth and means of production.

Question 16

Nonverbal communication

Answer 16

includes gestures, facial expressions, and body positions (known collectively as “body language”), as well as unspoken understandings and presuppositions.

Question 17

Kinesics

Answer 17

the sociological study of body movement and gesture, is concerned with the shared cultural meaning attached to nonverbal behaviors.

Question 18

Adaptors

Answer 18

nervous habits. Ex: twirling one’s hair.

Question 19

Pinocchio effect

Answer 19

the nose contains erectile tissues that engorge when a person is lying.

Question 20

Gaze-avoidance

Answer 20

occurs when women did not make eye contact with the man, despite the fact that he was looking directly at her.

Question 21

Upward-gaze

Answer 21

looking at the ceiling.

Question 22

Hair-gaze

Answer 22

when a women draws her hair across her face and looks at the ends.

Question 23

Involvement shields

Answer 23

such as phones, to avoid any kind of contact with others who are physically present.

Question 24

Process of interpretation

Answer 24

the internal dialogues people have with themselves about the meanings of their own or other’s behaviours in various acting situations.

Question 25

Acting situation

Answer 25

the immediate place or circumstances of an interaction considered by individuals as they give meanings to their own and other’s behaviours.

Question 26

Definition of the situation

Answer 26

W.I. Thomas’s concept which refers to an interactant’s understanding of a particular setting. “What people believe to be real is real in its consequences.”

Question 27

Social structure

Answer 27

The totality of social institutions such as government, the family, and religion that influence how individuals behave in a society.

Question 28

Social bonds

Answer 28

the connections of individuals to their societies that create feelings of loyalty, belonging, and integration.

Question 29

Collective conscience

Answer 29

the shared beliefs of members of a social unit.

Question 30

Shared meaning structures

Answer 30

the range of consensually held meanings about the world held by the members of a group or society. A shared meaning structure constitutes a group’s view of reality

Question 31

Reification

Answer 31

the concept that social structures have a life of their own independent of individuals.

Question 32

Macro-sociological investigation

Answer 32

large scale processes and social structures.

Question 33

Micro-sociological investigation

Answer 33

individuals daily interactions.

Question 34

Ethnomethodology

Answer 34

A technique for looking beneath the ‘taken for granted’ surface of daily life.

Question 35

Edward Hall

Answer 35

Distinguished four common distances used in interpersonal communication.

Question 36

Marx

Answer 36

regulation and exploitation of labour time is key component of capitalism → capital’s right to determine hours of work and labor’s attempt to limit those hours.

Question 37

Weber

Answer 37

showed that protestant ethic encouraged people to develop themselves as subjects oriented to saving time & maximizing activity.

Question 38

Ray Birdwhistell

Answer 38

Believes that the majority of interactions utilize nonverbal communication. Ex: the way we stand, our facial expressions.

Question 39

Moore

Answer 39

Observed “courtship rejection signals”.

Question 40

Emile Durkheim

Answer 40

- found that suicide rates tended to be higher among widowed, single and divorced people, higher in people without children, higher in Protestants than Catholics. - instrumental in establishing sociology as a social structure.

Question 41

Harold Garfinkel

Answer 41

- ethnomethodolgy | - goal is to understand how people produce meaning out of their experiences.

Question 42

C. Wright Mills

Answer 42

- The sociological imagination: provides requisite skills to understand social world, about recognizing connections that exist.

Question 43

Thomas theorem

Answer 43

situations defined as real are real in their consequences (outcomes).