Unit 1 Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
Morphology
A
Physical appearance
2
Q
Function
A
The role a trait/structure has for an organism in nature.
3
Q
Functional morphology
A
The actions of a structure and how it works in the organism
4
Q
Ecomorphology
A
The role of a trait in the environment. Can change according to life span/life stage/environment/etc.
5
Q
Evolution
A
Observing the presence of structures in an organism’s ancestors.
- shows why structures are present
- phylogenetic trees hypothesize evolutionary relationships
6
Q
Dissent
A
How anatomical structures came to be (according to a phylogeny)
7
Q
Extant vs. extinct
A
Extant - currently exists
Extinct - no longer exists
8
Q
How long ago did life on Earth begin?
How old is Earth?
A
4 billion years ago life began.
Earth is 4.6 billion years old.
9
Q
What are the seven levels of biological classification?
A
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
10
Q
What is the classification of Chrodata?
A
Phylum
11
Q
What is the classification of Cephalochordata?
A
Subphylum of phylum Chordata
12
Q
What is the classification of Urochordata?
A
Subphylum of phylum Chordata
13
Q
What is the classification of Vertebrata?
A
Subphylum of phylum Chordata
14
Q
What are the major lineages of the phylum Chordata?
A
Three subphylums: Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata
15
Q
What is the subphylum of the Phylum Chordata that is most closely related to the true Vertebrates?
A
Urochordata
16
Q
What is one characteristic that unites the Chordates?
A
A notochord.
17
Q
What are deuterostomes defined as?
A
The blastopore becomes the anus, and the second opening becomes the mouth.
18
Q
What domain is being studied?
A
Eukarya
19
Q
What is the study of living, extant forms to identify how structures are related to their ancestry?
A
Comparative vertebrate anatomy.
20
Q
What are the advantages of comparative anatomy?
A
- Easy access to specimens
- Can observe functions
- Get to collect whole specimens
- Observe soft tissue
21
Q
What is a disadvantage of comparative anatomy?
A
Don’t have the time element (ancestors)
22
Q
What is the term used to describe similar structures that evolved independently in two organisms to serve the same purpose?
A
Analogous
23
Q
What is the term used to describe structures that look the same for two organisms but not because of ancestry?
A
Homoplasy
24
Q
What term is used to describe when 2 or more organisms with different evolutionary backgrounds develop the same or similar adaptations?
A
Convergence
25
What time period had the early chordates?
Cambrian
26
What time period had the placoderms?
Silurian
27
What time period had the chondrichtheys and ostracoderms?
Ordovician
28
What time period had the gnathostomes and the vertebrates?
Cambrian
29
What does "Paleozoic" mean?
Age of the fishes
30
What does "Mesozoic" mean?
Age of the reptiles
31
What does "Cenozoic" mean?
Age of mammals
32
What is a skeletal rod which is derived from mesodermal tissue and consists of 3 layers in cross-section?
Notochord
33
What is the higher level of classification for tunicates?
Urochordata
34
What is the higher classification for acornworms?
Hemichordata
35
What is the higher classification for lancelets?
Cephalochordata
36
What is heterochrony?
Looks at the rate of growth of a structure, the onset and offset, between ancestors and descendants.
37
What are the two different forms of heterochrony?
Peramorphosis and Paedomorphosis.
38
What is Peramorphosis?
When the features of adult ancestors are exaggerated or extended in adult descendants.
39
What are the three ways peramorphosis can occur?
1. Hypermorphosis: late offset
2. Acceleration: fast rate of growth
3. Predisplacement: early onset
40
What is Paedomorphosis?
Juvenile features are retained in adults.
41
What are the two forms of paedomorphosis?
1. Progenesis: somatic development stops early and sexual development is accelerated.
2. Neoteny: somatic development is slowed and sexual development is normal.
42
What is the function of the notochord?
Prevent the body from collapsing due to its rigidity, allows for lateral flexion and forward motion.
43
What structure has outer elastic tissue, a middle layer of collagen, and an inner layer of vaculated-fluid-filled cells?
Notochord
44
What happens to the notochord over evolutionary time?
Over time, it becomes cartilaginous and then ossified.
45
Where are remnants of the notochord in mammals today?
The nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc.
46
How are pharyngeal slits used?
First used for filter feeding (as a part of the digestive tract), and then evolve to associate gills for gas exchange/respiration.
47
What are some of the structures that make up the pharyngeal slits?
Pharyngeal arches which separate the pharyngeal slits; brachial plates separated by ectodermal grooves and endodermal pouches; striated muscle; cranial innervation; aortic arch.
48
In gnathostomes, there are how many paired pouches on the lateral sides of the pharynx? How many in agnathostomes?
8 in gnaths
| 15 in agnaths
49
The first pharyngeal arch becomes what in jawed vertebrates?
The mandibular arch
50
The mandibular arch is made of what two structures?
The palatoquadrate and Meckel's cartilage.
51
The second pharyngeal arch becomes what in jawed vertebrates?
The hyoid bone
52
What is the function of the endostyle?
Iodine metabolism via production of T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine).
53
Where is the endostyle found?
At the base of the pharynx.
54
What structure becomes enlarged at the anterior end and becomes the brain in later species?
DTNC
55
The DTNC forms the CNS from what type of tissue?
Ectodermal
56
When the neural plate invaginates, what does it become?
DTNC
57
What is the fluid called that fills the DTNC?
Neurocoel
58
This structure acts as an extension of the locomotive apparatus for movement, and includes the notochord and musculature.
Postanal tail
59
What are the major Agnathostome lineages?
- Myxinoidea (hagfish)
- Petromyzontiformes (lamprey)
- Conodonts (extinct)
- Ostracoderms (extinct)
60
What are the major lineages of Gnathostomes?
-Placodermi (extinct)
-Acanthodii (extinct)
-Elasmobranchii
-Teleostomi
-
-
61
What kind of development do Annelida and Arthropoda have?
Protostome
62
What kind of development do Chrodata, Echinodermata, and Hemichordata have?
Deuterostome
63
During early embryonic development _____ is observed in deuterstomes at the 32 cell stage, when cells divide form directly on top of the previous set of cells.
Radial cleavage
64
What happens during spiral cleavage?
The cells rotate
65
What kind of kidney is it when the mesonephric duct incorporates additional posterior tubules?
Opisthonephros
66
What kind of kidney is it when a posterior duct forms at the base of the mesonephric kidney ultimately becomes the ureter?
Metanephros
67
What type of kidney is it when tubules form in the middle and form a connection with the pronephros?
Mesonephros
68
What kind of kidney is it when the tubules form anteriorly?
Pronephros
69
What are types of kidneys do we go through in embryological development?
1. Pronephros
2. Mesonephros
3. Metanephros
70
What hallmark characteristics of the chordates are present in the hemichordates?
- pharyngeal slits
| - DTNC
71
What are the 3 distinguishing characteristics of myxinoidea?
- 1 nostril
- 1 semicircular canal
- Absence of vertebrae in adults, sort of present in larvae
72
What are two diagnostic features of agnathostomes?
Neural crest and epidermal placodes.
73
What time period had the Chondrichthyes and the Ostracoderms?
Ordovician
74
What time period had the Early Chordates, Vertebrates, and the Gnathostomes?
Cambrian
75
The splanchnocranium derived from the neural crest has 5 pharyngeal arches called the branchial arches. A single arch has 5 structures:
```
I Pharyngobranchial
II Epibranchial
III Ceratobranchial
IV Hypobranchial
V Basibranchial
```
76
Myxinoidea - hagfish
| Are there vertebrae?
Larvae have skeletal elements, but no vertebrae in adults
77
Myxinoidea - hagfish
| Do they have paired fins?
No
78
Myxinoidea - hagfish
| What kind of kidney do they have in their adult form?
Mesonephric
79
Petromyzontiformes - Lamprey
| What kind of kidney do they have?
Opisthonephric kidney - they are anadromous
80
Petromyzontiformes - lamprey
| What are their distinguishing features?
- 1 nostril
- 2 semicircular canals
- nasohypophyseal duct ends as blind sac
- has signs of cartilaginous vertebral column
81
Conodonts - extinct lineage of agnaths
| What features were discovered about them?
- had myomeres
- had notochord
- had caudal fin rays
- had DTNC
- had big eyes
82
Ostracoderms - extinct lineage of agnaths
| What were their distinguishing features?
- 2 nostrils
- 2 semicircular canals
- nasohypophyseal duct ends as blind sac
83
Ostracoderms - extinct lineage of agnaths
| How were they shaped - what did they look like?
- Dorsal-ventrally flattened
- some had paired appendages
- 1st evidence of true bone, externally
- fused bone plates
- were small
84
Which of the following Hallmark Characteristics of he Chordates are present in the Hemichordates?
```
DTNC
notochord
past anal tail
endostyle/thyroid
pharyngeal slits
```
DTNC
| pharyngeal slits
85
Which of the following Hallmark Characteristics of he Chordates are present in the Urochordate adults?
```
DTNC
notochord
past anal tail
endostyle/thyroid
pharyngeal slits
```
Endostyle/thyroid
| Pharyngeal slits
86
Which group of genes are responsible for dorsal ventral patterning in all animals?
hox or homeobox genes
87
When change in shape and size occur at a constant and proportional rate
Isometry
88
A change in shape correlated with a change in size occurring during development
Allometry
89
Which type of bone is formed from a cartilaginous precursor?
Endochondral bone
90
A hollow tube which is positioned dorsal to the notochord and is formed from ectodermal tissue
DTNC
91
Which of the following Hallmark Characteristics of the Chordates are present in the Urochordate larvae?
```
DTNC
notochord
past anal tail
endostyle/thyroid
pharyngeal slits
```
All five Hallmark Characteristics are present.
92
*These structures are unique to vertebrates and arise as thickenings from ectoderm, ultimately forming different types of sensory receptors.
*
93
Which genes are expressed in which regions of the Chordates and Bilateria + Hemichordates + Echinoderms?
Chordates:
- Chordin: Dorsal
- BMP: Ventral
Bilateria + Hemichordates + Echinoderms:
- BMP: Dorsal
- Chordin: Ventral
94
*Which "rule" suggests chordate evolution proceeded through heterochrony from an echinoderm larval form to modern vertebrates?
*
95
*From dorsal to ventral, what is the order of pharyngeal bones???
*
96
When 2 or more structures are similar due to convergence on the same solution
Homoplasy
97
When 2 or more structures have the same function
Analogy
98
*What is the sensory structure that is used to help detect vibrations in the water?
*
99
*What is the term used to describe the tail-type in chondichthyians in which the tail turns upward and the vertebral column extends into the dorsal lobe of the the tail; the tail is asymmetrical?
*
100
*Which type of bone is formed directly from mesenchyme without any cartilaginous precursor?
*
101
This type of scale possesses dermal bone, thick layer of dentin, and think layer of enamel.
Cosmoid scale
102
This type of scale possesses dentin and enamel, but lacks dermal bone.
Placoid scale
103
This type of scale is composed entirely of lamellar bone.
Teleost scale
104
This type of scale possesses dermal bone and a thick layer of enamel, lacking dentin.
Ganoid scales
105
Yellow appearance, mesodermal origin, 70% hydroxyapatite/30% organics + water, also known as cosmine
Dentin
106
White appearance, epidermal origin, 96% hydroxyapatite/4% organics + water, also known as ganoin.
Enamel
107
*These cells are unique to vertebrates and give rise to several adult structures after breaking loose of the ectoderm and migrating to various locations in the body, such as melanocytes or odontoblasts.
*
108
Do petromyzontifomes have vertebrae as adults?
Yes
109
Do myxinoidea have vertebrae as adults?
No
110
*What taxon arose in the Late Ordovician time period?
*
111
*What taxon arose in the Early Cambrian period?
Chordates
112
*What taxon arose in the Mid-Cambrian period?
*
113
*What taxon arose in the Early Ordovician time period?
*
114
*What taxon arose in the Silurian period?
Placoderms
115
*What taxon arose in the Late Cambrian period?
*
116
*What "rule" states "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"?
*
117
To which phylum do mammals, birds, reptiles, and fishes belong?
Phylum Chordata
118
Skeletal rod which is derived from mesodermal tissue and consists of 3 layers in cross-section.
notochord
119
Which of the following Hallmark Characteristics of the Chordates are present in the Cephalochordates?
```
DTNC
notochord
past anal tail
endostyle/thyroid
pharyngeal slits
```
pharyngeal slits
notochord
past anal tail
120
These features are consistent with the Placodermi or the Chondrichthyes?
- Jaw with sharp teeth modified for tearing
- entirely extinct
- reproductive strategy: viviparity
- head covered with fused plates of dermal bone
Placodermi
121
These features are consistent with the Placodermi or the Chondrichthyes?
- Jay with modified placoid scales as teeth
- extant, with many extinct lineages
- reproductive strategy: viviparity, ovovivparity, oviparity
- head lacking fused scales
Chondrichthyes
122
Multiple lateral paired openings which pierce or partially pierce the body wall, initially used as part of the filtering/feeding apparatus.
Pharyngeal slits
123
Structure located posterior to the anus and primarily involved in movement or stability
post anal tail
124
A glandular groove which forms in the floor of the pharynx and is critical for iodine metabolism.
endostyle
125
During early embryonic development _______ is observed in deuterostomes at the 32 cell stage, when cells divide and form directly on top of the previous set of cells.
Radial cleavage
126
What are characteristics of gnathostomes?
- teeth with dentin
- jaw
- true paired appendages
127
What is the structure that is positioned anterior to the first gill slit in chondrichthyians that is involved in inhalation by drawing water in while the mouth is open?
Spiracle
