UNIT 1 A Flashcards by Robyn Alpine

Rates of reaction equation

delta Q/delta T

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Name 4 things that can impact the rate of a reaction

temperature increase= faster reaction
particle size decrease= faster reaction
concentration increase= faster reaction
addition of catalyst= faster reaction

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Name 3 signs of a chemical reaction

change in colour, gas given off, solid being formed

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definition of a catalyst

catalysts speed up reactions and remain unchanged

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how can the process of a chemical reaction be followed

by measuring the change in concentration, mass or volume

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in chemistry do yo use a line of best fit or join the dots on a line graph?

line of best fit

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what are the units of average rate dependant on?

the quantity being measured from the y axis and the units of time used in the graph

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What does nuclide notation tell us?

the symbol, atomic number and mass of an atom

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in nuclide notation placement, where do we find the mass of an atom

ABOVE the symbol

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what is the position in atoms of protons, neutrons and electrons

protons/neutrons= inside nucleus
electrons= orbiting the nucleus

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charge of protons, neutrons and electrons

p= +1
n= no charge
e= -1

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mass of protons, neutrons and electrons

p= 1
n= 1
e= 0

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definition of an isotope

atoms with same atomic number but a different mass number

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what is the RAM

relative atomic mass- the average mass of the isotopes of an element

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why is the mass number different between isotopes

because they have a different number of neutrons

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in electron arrangement what do metals lose and non metals gain to obtain a full outer shell

electrons

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why do atoms want a full outer shell of electrons

to become stable like a noble gas

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what number of electrons is a full outer shell

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3 main types of bonding and what elements they represent

covalent- non metals only
ionic- metals and non metals
metallic- metals only

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definition of covalent bonding

the attraction between two non metal atoms, where a pair of electrons is shared in the bond

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how are the electrons held in a covalent bond

by both nuclei, forming an extremely strong bond

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WHAT IS A COVALENT MOLECULE

a group of non metal ions held together by covalent bonds

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when do you draw a circle electron cloud diagram

if the element is helium or hydrogen

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in electron cloud diagrams does the drawing of the bond include both electrons?

YES

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DIATOMIC ELEMENTS ? | HINClBrOF

HYDROGEN, IODINE, NITROGEN, CHLORINE, BROMINE, OXYGEN, FLOURINE

NAME THE 4 DIFFERENT SHAPES OF MOLECULES

linear, angular, trigonal pyramidal, tetrahedral

formula for calculating time in half life

half live multiplied by no. of half lifes

formula for no. half lifes

time divided by 1 half life

formula for half life of a sample

time divided by no. half lifes

moles formula

n=cv

three step calcs steps...

1. no. moles 2. mole ratio 3. mass

definition of standard solution

a solution of accurately known concentration

what stops beta emission

ALUMINIUM

What stops alpha emmision

paper

what stops gamma emission

concrete

mass of alpha radiation (shown by nuclide notation)

mass of beta radiation

mass of gamma radiation

charge of alpha radiation

charge of beta radiation

-1

charge of gamma radiation

how can unstable nuclei become stable?

by giving out alpha, beta or gamma radiation

half life definition

the time taken for the activity or mass of a radioactive sample to half

I terms of cloud diagrams, what type of bond does oxygen form? (rarer than most bonds)

a double bond

how many elements in a bond does a tetrahedral shape represent

how many elements does a trigonal pyramidal shape represent?

what is a covalent network?

an extremely large structure of non metal atoms that extend in 3 dimensions

example of a covalent network structure?

the element carbon (graphite & diamond)

when are ions made

when atoms lose or gain electrons and become pos or neg

what is ionic bonding

the attraction between positive and negative ions

when metals lose electrons, do they form positive or negative ions (for example: Mg ^2)

POSITIVE

when non metals gain electrons do they form positive or negative ions?

negative | even though they have GAINED electrons they are still negative- still a minus sign!

what structures do ionic compounds exist as?

giant lattice structures

what do substances need to be able to conduct

charged particles which are free to move and carry the electricity

do covalent substances conduct and why?

no, because they have no free, charged particles which can carry electricity

why can graphite conduct unlike all other covalent substances

because it has delocalised electrons whichcan move between carbon atoms

do covalent substances dissolve

not in water but in other liquids such as petrol, yes

what page in data book can you find which ionic substances are soluble

why do ionic substances dissolve ?

because water can squeeze between the ions

why do ionic, metallic and covalent networks have a high boiling point b

because they are held by very strong bonds

what is the combustion equatin

hydrocarbon + O2 = energy, CO2, H2O

state whether metallic, ionic and covalent substances are soluble in water?

``` m= no i= yes c= no ```

state the MP/BP of molecule and networks

``` m= low n= high ```

what is the meaning of the TETRA prefix

what is the meaning of the PENTA prefix

what does the ionic formula of a compound tell us that other formulas dont?

the valency of the atoms (=the charge)

where do acids come from?

non metal oxides dissolving in water

what is produced when ANY fossil fuels burns (reacts with oxygen)

SO2 and CO2

what do SO2, CO2 AND NO3 all contribute to?

acid rain

descibe the concentration of H+ and OH- ions ins an acidic solutions

H+>OH-

if a metal oxide is soluble what will it dissolve in water to produce?

an alkali

if a metal oxide is insoluble what will happen

the pH will not change

name the three salts we use when naming salts and what they =

``` hydrochloric= chloride sulfuric= sulphate nitric= nitrate ```

what three bases can acids react with in neutralisation reactions

metal hydroxides, metal oxides, metal carbonates

what do acids with metal carbonates make

salt+ water+ CO2

when naming salts, what does the first part of the name come from?

the metal of the base

name the three basic steps for neutralisation

1) REACTION- add carbonate until gas is no longer being produced 2) FILTRATION- filter paper to remove excess copper carbonate #3) EVAPORATION- to remove any water leaving you with the salt

what type of salts are produced by neutralisation reactions? and what reaction would produce the opposite

insoluble salts and precipitation reactions

when will a precipitate form

if there is a combination of metal and non metal ions in a reaction which is insoluble

what is the concentration of an AQUEOUS solution

the mass of the solute dissolved in 1L of water