UNIT 1: BASIC CONCEPTS Flashcards
1
Q
First phase of the digestive process
A
INGESTION
2
Q
The first phase of digestive process occurs in the
A
MOUTH
3
Q
Second phase of the digestive process
A
DIGESTION
4
Q
Occurs when digestive enzymes and secretions mix with ingested food
A
DIGESTION
5
Q
In this phase macronutrients (PFC) are broken down into their component smaller molecules
A
DIGESTION
6
Q
Second phase of digestive process occur in the
A
Stomach
7
Q
Third phase of the digestive process
A
ABSORPTION
8
Q
Occurs when small molecules, vitamins, and minerals pass through the walls of the small and large intestine and into the bloodstream
A
ABSORPTION
9
Q
Third phase of digestive process occurs in the
A
Small Intestine
10
Q
Fourth phase of the digestive process
A
TRANSPORT
11
Q
In what phase distribution of nutrients in the body takes place
A
TRANSPORT
12
Q
The last phase of digestive process
A
ELIMINATION
13
Q
Occurs after digestion and absorption, when waste products are evacuated from the body
A
ELIMINATION
14
Q
A gastric enzyme that is important in protein digestion in the stomach
A
PEPSIN
15
Q
A pancreatic enzyme that aids in the digestion of protein in the small intestine
A
TRYPSIN
16
Q
A pancreatic enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats
A
LIPASE
17
Q
A pancreatic enzyme that aids in the digestion of Carbohydrates
A
AMYLASE
18
Q
A salivary amylase / Enzyme that aids in the digestion of Carbohydrates
A
PTYALIN
19
Q
Acid secreted by the glands in the stomach
A
HCL
20
Q
Mixes with chyme to break it down into absorbable molecules and to aid in the destruction of bacteria
A
HCL
21
Q
A gastric secretion that combines with Vitamin B12 so that the vitamin can be absorbed
A
INTRINSIC FACTOR
22
Q
Produced by the liver and stored in the Gallbladder that helps in emulsifying fats
A
BILE
23
Q
Collapsible tube connecting the mouth to the stomach, through which food passes as it is ingested
A
ESOPHAGUS
24
Q
Distensible pouch into which the food bolus passes to be digested by gastric enzymes
A
STOMACH
25
Longest portion of the GI tract
SMALL INTESTINE
26
Three parts of small intestine
DUODENUM
JEJUNUM
ILEUM
27
Through which food mixed with all secretions and enzymes passes as it continues to be digested and begins to be absorbed into the bloodstream
SMALL INTESTINE
28
The portion of the GI tract into which waste material from the small intestine passes as absorption continues and elimination begins
LARGE INTESTINE
29
Parts of large intestine
ASCENDING
TRANSVERSE
DESCENDING
SIGMOID. OLIN
RECTUM
30
Last section of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
ANUS
31
Outlet for waste products from the GI system
ANUS
32
Secretes HCL acid and produces intrinsic factors
PARIETAL CELLS
33
Responsible for production of pepsinogen
CHIEF CELLS
34
Responsible for the production of mucus (protects the stomach against acid)
NECK CELLS
35
Sum total of all the body’s physical and chemical processes
METABOLISM
36
Building up of more complex biochemical substances or synthesis of nutrients
ANABOLISM
37
CATABOLISM OR ANABOLISM?
Glycogenesis
ANABOLISM
38
Break down of biochemical substances into simplier substances
CATABOLISM
39
CATABOLISM OR ANABOLISM?
Glycogenolysis
CATABOLISM
40
Process of extracting energy from carbohydrates that uses oxygen
AEROBIC METABOLISM
41
End product of Aerobic Metabolism
CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER, HEAT (ATP)
42
Creation of energy through burning of carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen
ANAEROBIC METABOLISM
43
End product of anaerobic metabolism
LACTIC ACID
44
Mixture of food with saliva, salivary enzymes, and gastric secretions that is produced as food passes through the mouth, esophagus, and stomach
CHYME
45
Capacity to do work
ENERGY
46
Measurement for energy
HEAT
47
Preferred Unit for Energy Measurement
KCAL
48
Number of calories the body needs to accomplish its most basic (basal) life-sustaining functions
BMR
49
Complex organic compounds are broken to simpler forms before absorption and use for energy
NUTRIENTS
50
Refers to indigestion
DYSPEPSIA
51
Common cause of dyspepsia
FATTY FOODS
52
Requirements to maintain internal balance
ADEQUATE NUTRIENT SUPPLY
NORMAL FUNCTIONING OF BODY SYSTEM
53
Predisposing factor affecting BMR when it comes to sex
MALE
54
If body surface area increase, the BMR also
INCREASES
55
BMR in elderly people
DECREASES
56
BMR in children
INCREASES
57
Hormones that regulate cellular metabolism
Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine
58
If thyroid hormones decreases, the BMR
Decreases
59
If thyroid hormone increase, the BMR
Increases
60
If temperature increases, the BMR
INCREASES
61
If muscular activity increase, the BMR
INCREASES
62
If muscular activity decreases, the BMR
DECREASES
63
Activity level is expresses as
Metabolic Equivalent of a Task (METs)
64
Factors affecting BMR
SEX
AGE
BSA
HORMONES
NUTRITIONAL STATE
ENVIRONMENT
DISEASE
ACTIVITY LEVEL
65
Factors determining energy needs
BMR
ACTIVITY LEVEL
ENERGY FOR DIGESTION
66
Size of GI tract
7-7.9 m
67
Artery that supply oxygen and nutrients to the stomach
GASTRIC ARTERY
68
Artery that supply oxygen and nutrients to the intestine
MESENTERIC ARTERY
69
Total percent of blood flow to the GI tract
20% of cardiac output
70
exert an inhibitory effect on the GI tract,
decreasing gastric secretion and motility and causing the sphincters and blood vessels to constrict
SYMPATHETIC NERVE
71
In fight or flight system
PERISTALSIS DECREASED
CONSTIPATION
DRY
72
In rest and Digest system
PERISTALSIS INCREASED
DIARRHEA
WET
73
stimulation of this nerves causes peristalsis and increases secretory activities
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVE
74
An opening wherein esophagus passes through
DIAPHRAGMATIC HIATUS
75
Size of esphagus
25 cm
76
Stomach is situated in what quadrant
LUQ
77
Capacity of the stomach
1500 ml
78
It is where foods are stored during eating, secretes digestive fluids, and propels the partially
STOMACH
79
The entrance of the stomach is called
CARDIA
80
Outlet of the stomach is called
PYLORUS
81
controls the opening between the stomach and the small intestine
PYLORIC SPINCHTER
82
The inlet to the stomach
GASTROESOPHAGEAL JUNTION
83
Most proximal section of small intestine
DUODENUM
84
Distal section of small intestine
ILEUM
85
valve, or sphincter, controls the flow of digested material from the ileum into the cecal portion of the large intestine and prevents reflux of bacteria into the small intestine
ILEOCECAL VALVE
86
Approximately how much of saliva is secreted daily from the parotid, the submaxillary, and sublingual gland
1.5 L
87
Covers the tracheal opening and prevent aspiration of food into the lungs
Epiglottis
88
is a series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the esophagus to the stomach
Esophageal Peristalsis
89
Food remains in the stomach for about
30 minutes to several hrs
90
PH level of acidic fluid secreted by the stomach
1
91
end product of the conversion of pepsinogen
PEPSIN
92
Low intrinsic factor can result to
PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
93
High HCL can lead to
ULCER/BLEEDING
94
Sign of Pernicious anemia
RED BEEFY TONGUE
95
Pancreatic secretions have what Ph
ALKALINE
96
The alkalinity of pancreatic secretion is due to
HIGH LEVEL OF BICARBONATE
97
Controls the flow of bile
SPHINCTER OF ODDI
98
Two types of contractions occur regularly in the small intestine
SEGMENTATION
INTESTINAL PERISTALSIS
99
produce mixing waves that move the
intestinal contents back and forth in a churning motion
SEGMENTATION CONTRACTION
100
propels the contents of the small intestine toward the colon
INTESTINAL PERISTALSIS
101
Chyme stays in the small intestine for
3-6 hrs
102
Major function of small intestine
ABSORPTION
103
What are absorbed in the jejunum
PFCCS
104
What are absorbed in the throughout small intestine
MagPhoPo
105
Mechanism of absorption wherein solutes moves from higher concentration to lower concentration
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
106
Mechanism of absorption wherein solutes need to have carrier to transport
CARRIER-FACILITATED DIFUSSION
107
Mechanism of absorption wherein it uses energy for transport
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
108
Mechanism of absorption wherein molecules are engulf
PINOCYTOSIS
109
Lipid droplet
CHYLOMICRONS
110
Fat soluble vitamins are absorbed as _____ in the small intestine
MIXED MICELLES
111
a major component of the contents of the large intestine, assist in completing the breakdown of waste material, especially of undigested or unabsorbed proteins and bile salts
GUT MICROBES
112
Two types of colonic secretion
ELECTROLYTES
MUCUS
113
protects the colonic mucosa from the intraluminal contents and provides adherence for the fecal mass
MUCUS
114
Fecal matter is about
75% fluid and 25% solid material
115
The brown color of the feces results from the breakdown of
BILE
116
are responsible in large part for the
fecal odor
CHEMICALS FORMED BY BACTERIA
117
Most common symptom of patients with GI dysfunction
DYSPEPSIA
118
Intestinal gas may be symptoms of
FOOD INTOLERANCE
GALLBLADDER DISEASE
119
acute onset of emesis that appears bright red or as coffee grounds
MALLORY WEISS TEAR
120
Indicates laceration of Mucosal Lining and Upper GI bleeding
MALLORY WEISS TEAR
121
an abnormal increase in the frequency and liquidity of the stool
DIARRHEA
122
decrease in the frequency of stool, or stools that are hard, dry, and of smaller volume than typical
CONSTIPATION
123
Tarry black color stool
MELENA
124
Light gray or clay colored stool is caused by
Decreased conjugated bilirubin
125
Bright red color stool
HEMATOCHEZIA
126
Acholic stool may be caused by
OBSTRUCTION OF BILE
127
Greasy stool
STEATORRHEA
128
a bluish discoloration (bruised) around the navel. A sign of pancreatitis
CULLEN's sign
129
Normal bowel sound
HUGH PITCHED
GURGLING EVERY 5-34 mins
130
Decreased bowel sound
PARALYTIC ILEUS
131
Increased bowel sound
BORBORYGMUS
132
Absent Bowel sound
PERITONITIS
PARALYTIC ILEUS
133
Bruits vascular sound
Narrowing or obstruction of blood vessels
134
Peritoneal friction rub vascular sound
HEPATIC ABCESS, INFECTION IN LIVER
135
Rebound tenderness
RUPTURED APPENDICITIS
PERITONITIS
136
MURPHY's sign
Gallbladder
Acute CHOLECYSTITIS
137
MURPHY's Punch
Kidney
Polynephritis
138
Basic fuel nutrients of our body
PFC
139
Spontaneous passive transport of molecule via membrane of proteins
CARRIER-FACILITATED DIFUSSION
140
Facilitate the absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins
CHYLOMICRONS
141
Indication of upper gastrointestinal bleeding
MELENA (BLACK TARRY STOOL)
142
Nausea and Vomiting + Diarrhea
ACUTE GASTRO ENTERITIS (INFECTION)
143
May lead to increased risk for infection and decrease in physical and mental development
UNDERNITRITION
144
May lead to obesity as wellas to metabolic syndrome or type 2 Diabetes
OVERNUTIRITIOM
145
Powerful factor for health and well being
OPTIMAL NUTRITION STATUS
146
Order of Physical Examination
INSPECTION
AUSCULTATION
PERCUSSION
PALPATION
147
Inflamation or infection gums
GINGIVITIS
148
White patches on mucosa
CANDIDIASIS (ORAL THRUSH)
149
White patches + Red patches on mucosa
MALIGNANT THROAT
150
Normal sound upon percussion of abdomen
TYMPANY
151
Pain felt after palpation
REBOUND TENDERNESS
152
Upon inhalation, patient feel pain once the live touches the examiner's hand upon palpation
MURPHY's SIGN
153
Pain felt when examiner palpate the back of patient underlying the kidney
MURPHY's PUNCH
154
Position for Digital Rectal Exam
Left lateral position
Knee chest position
155
What to instruct patient upon digital rectal exam
Bear down
156
Screening tool for colon cancer
CARCINO EMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA)
157
Screening tool for liver cancer
ALPHA FETOPROTEIN (AFP)
158
Screening tool for Pancreatic Cancer
Ca 19-9
159
Check for presence of blood in the stool
FECAL OCCULT BLOOD TEST (FOBT)
160
What to instruct patient prior to FOBT
Avoid
RED MEAT
ASPIRIN
NSAIDS
VITAMIN C
161
Fecal leukocytes indicates
Severe infection in GI tract
162
Two breathe test
HYDROGEN
UREA
163
Used to assess for presence of fermenting bacteria in the GI Tract
HYDROGEN BREATHE TEST
164
What is administered to patient prior to Hydrogen breath test
GALACTOSE
If positive, presence of hydrogen is noted on the breath of patient
165
Use to assess the presence of H.Pylori
UREA BREATH TEST
166
What is given to patient prior urea breath test
CARBON LABELED UREA
Positive result, urea will become carbon dioxide
H.Pylori is capable of breaking down urea
167
Medication on hold for patient undergoing Urea Breath Test
BISMUTH
ANTIBIOTICS
SUCRALFATE
H2 receptor
OMEPRAZOLE
BASHO
168
How many hours should patient be in NPO prior to Abdominal ultrasound
8-12 hrs
169
Patient should reduce what diet prior to abdominal ultrasound
FAT
170
Ultrasound don through an endoscope
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY
171
Patient undergoing Endoscopic Ultrasonography is under what type pf sedation
MODERATE
172
Used to evaluate gastric cancer, lactose dificiency, IBD, and colon cancer
DNA TESTING
173
Use for inflammatory condition
CT SCAN
174
Prior to CT Scan what to asses?
Pregnancy status
Allergy
Kidney function
175
Produce 3D images of the system
MRI
176
Prior to MRI patient should be in NPO for
6-8 hrs
177
Uses radio nuclear isotopes that is not harmful to the body. Uses fr early detection of abnormal growth in the body
SCINTIGRAPHY
178
Through a CT A 3D image of colon is made that can be used to evaluate the specific organs
VIRTUAL COLONOSCOPY
179
Upper GI tract Study
FIBROSCOPY
BARIUM SWALLOW
180
Lower GU tract Studies
Barium enema
181
Prior to Barium swallow procedure
Patient is placed on clear liquid diet
No smoking
No chewing of gums
NPO post midnight
182
Prior to barium enema
Cleanse the bowel
No residue diet (Decreases fiber and fats) 1-2 days
Clear liquid diet
Laxatives night prior
NPO Post midnight
183
Prior to fibroscopy or EGD the patient is NPO for
8hrs
184
Medication prior to Fibrscopy/ EGD
MAG
