UNIT 1 - Basic Principle and Practices

Question 1

Which test profile includes analytes such as albumin, total protein, and liver enzymes?

Answer 1

Hepatic Panel

Question 2

What term refers to substances like ions, metabolites, therapeutic drugs, and proteins measured in clinical chemistry?

Answer 2

Analytes

Question 3

Which test profile measures total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides?

Answer 3

Lipid Profile

Question 4

What term describes the range used to compare test results in clinical chemistry?

Answer 4

Reference Interval

Question 5

What unit system is adopted internationally and preferred in scientific literature and clinical laboratories?

Answer 5

System International Units (SI)

Question 6

What term refers to traditional measurement units used in clinical chemistry?

Answer 6

Conventional Units

Question 7

What is the term for the specific value used to make clinical decisions based on test results?

Answer 7

Medical Decision Level (MDL)

Question 8

What test measures blood glucose levels after fasting to assess diabetes risk?

Answer 8

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Question 9

What fasting plasma glucose range indicates an increased risk of diabetes mellitus?

Answer 9

Impaired Fasting Glucose

Question 10

2 components of a quantitative laboratory result:

Answer 10

• Actual value
• Unit of expression

Question 11

Enumerate the Seven Basic SI Units

Answer 11

Length - Meter m

Mass - Kilogram Kg

Time - Second S

Electric Current - Ampere A

Thermodynamic Temperature - Kelvin K

Amount of substance - Mole mol

Luminous intensity - Can cd

Question 12

Selected Derived Units

Answer 12

Frequency - Hertz Hz

Force - Newton N

Celsius temperature - Degree Celsius °C

Catalytic activity - Katal kat

Question 13

What category includes analytes such as albumin and ferritin?

Answer 13

Proteins

Question 14

What category includes analytes like LDL and HDL cholesterol?

Answer 14

Lipoproteins

Question 15

What analyte is used to monitor long-term glucose control in diabetes management?

Answer 15

Diabetes Marker

Question 16

What term refers to the amount of a substance measured in moles or mass such as mg/dL or g/L?

Answer 16

Substance Concentration

Question 17

What grade of chemical is suitable for trace metal analysis and preparation of standard solutions?

Answer 17

Analytic Reagent Grade (AR)

Question 18

Which grade of chemical is used in chromatography and molecular diagnostics?

Answer 18

Ultrapure Reagent

Question 19

What term describes chemicals not recommended for research due to inconsistent purity?

Answer 19

Chemically Pure (CP)

Question 20

What type of chemical grade should never be used in a clinical laboratory?

Answer 20

Technical/Commercial Grade

Question 21

What document provides information on the physical properties, handling, and safety of chemicals?

Answer 21

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

Question 22

What term refers to a solution with a known concentration used for calibrating instruments?

Answer 22

Standard Solution

Question 23

What type of standard is a highly purified chemical used to produce exact known concentrations?

Answer 23

Primary Standard

Question 24

What term describes a substance with lower purity, calibrated by comparison to a primary standard?

Answer 24

Secondary Standard

Question 25

What example of a standard solution is used to measure glucose levels in blood?

Answer 25

Glucose Standard

Question 26

What organizations provide guidelines for chemical selection and reagent preparation in laboratories?

Answer 26

o College of American Pathologists (CAP) o Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)

Question 27

Which organization, formerly known as NCCLS, provides laboratory standards and guidelines?

Answer 27

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)

Question 28

What type of reagent grade water is used for sensitive procedures like HPLC and trace metal studies?

Answer 28

Type I Water

Question 29

What type of reagent grade water is used for hematology and microbiology?

Answer 29

Type II Water

Question 30

What type of reagent grade water is used for general purposes such as glassware washing and urinalysis?

Answer 30

Type III Water

Question 31

Type 1 water must have a resistivity of

Answer 31

10 megaohms

Question 32

What method of water purification uses heat to produce distilled water by evaporating and condensing?

Answer 32

Distillation

Question 33

What water purification method uses high pressure to remove unwanted substances through a semipermeable membrane?

Answer 33

Reverse Osmosis

Question 34

What water purification method uses ion resin to exchange ions and produce deionized water?

Answer 34

Deionization

Question 35

What type of glass is commonly used for its high thermal resistance and low alkali content?

Answer 35

Borosilicate Glass

Question 36

What type of glass is six times stronger than borosilicate and chemically strengthened?

Answer 36

Corex Glass

Question 37

What type of glass is resistant to acids and alkalis?

Answer 37

Vycor Glass

Question 38

What type of glass is used for light-sensitive analytes like bilirubin and has high thermal resistance?

Answer 38

Low Actinic Glass

Question 39

What type of glass, made from soda-lime, has poor resistance to high temperatures?

Answer 39

Standard Flint Glass

Question 40

What type of plasticware is chemically resistant, flexible or rigid, and can withstand temperatures down to -190°C?

Answer 40

Polypropylene

Question 41

What material is used for test tubes, bottles, and disposable transfer pipets?

Answer 41

Polyethylene

Question 42

What material is used for centrifugation tubes and graduated cylinders, and can withstand temperatures from -100°C to +160°C?

Answer 42

Polycarbonate

Question 43

What material is used for capped graduated tubes and test tubes but is not resistant to hydrocarbons, ketones, and alcohols?

Answer 43

Polystyrene

Question 44

What material is used for stirring bars, tubing, and cryogenic vials, and can withstand temperatures from -270°C to +255°C?

Answer 44

Teflon

Question 45

What type of laboratory glassware is used for precise volume measurements?

Answer 45

Volumetric Flask

Question 46

What type of laboratory glassware is used for mixing and heating substances?

Answer 46

Erlenmeyer Flask

Question 47

What type of laboratory glassware is used for general liquid handling and mixing?

Answer 47

Griffin Beaker

Question 48

What type of laboratory glassware is used for measuring liquid volumes with accuracy?

Answer 48

Graduated Cylinder

Question 49

What type of pipet retains the necessary volume but does not deliver the exact amount due to fluid adherence?

Answer 49

To Contain (TC)

Question 50

What type of pipet is designed to deliver the exact volume of liquid, with any remaining liquid needing to be blown out?

Answer 50

To Deliver (TD)

Question 51

What type of pipet features continuous etch rings and requires expulsion of the last drop into the receiving vessel?

Answer 51

Blowout Pipet

Question 52

What type of pipet drains by gravity and has no etch rings or markings?

Answer 52

Self Draining Pipet

Question 53

What type of graduated pipet is self-draining and does not have graduation marks to the tip?

Answer 53

Mohr Pipet

Question 54

What type of pipet is blowout, has graduation marks to the tip, and is used for precise liquid measurements?

Answer 54

Serologic Pipet

Question 55

What type of pipet holds less than 1 ml and can be either Mohr or Serologic?

Answer 55

Micropipet

Question 56

Folin Pipet-What type of transfer pipet has a bulb-like enlargement near the tip and is used for viscous fluids?

Answer 56

Oswald

Question 57

What type of transfer pipet has a bulb enlargement in the stem and is used for precise aqueous solution measurements?

Answer 57

Volumetric Pipet

Question 58

What type of transfer pipet may or may not have calibration marks and is used for transferring solutions without a specific volume?

Answer 58

Pasteur Pipet

Question 59

What type of pipet is associated with only one specific volume?

Answer 59

Fixed Volume Pipet

Question 60

What type of pipet allows the selection of different volumes?

Answer 60

Variable Volume Pipet

Question 61

What type of pipet can attach multiple tips to a single handle for simultaneous dispensing?

Answer 61

Multichannel Pipet

Question 62

What type of pipet mechanism uses air pressure to draw and dispense liquids?

Answer 62

Displacement Pipet

Question 63

Displacement Pipet-What type of pipet mechanism uses a piston to directly dispense liquids?

Answer 63

Positive

Question 64

What laboratory device is used to transfer a reservoir of liquid to a common dispenser?

Answer 64

Dispenser

Question 65

What process uses centrifugal force to separate solid matter from a liquid suspension?

Answer 65

Centrifugation

Question 66

What type of centrifuge holds tubes in a vertical position when stationary but horizontal when in motion?

Answer 66

Horizontal Head Centrifuge

Question 67

Head Centrifuge-What type of centrifuge holds tubes at a fixed angle during centrifugation?

Answer 67

Angle

Question 68

What type of centrifuge generates the highest speed and is used for lipoprotein analysis?

Answer 68

Ultracentrifuge

Question 69

What type of sample includes both plasma and cellular components?

Answer 69

Whole Blood

Question 70

What type of blood sample is the clear yellow supernate in anticoagulated tubes and contains fibrinogen?

Answer 70

Plasma

Question 71

What type of sample is the liquid remaining after blood clotting?

Answer 71

Serum

Question 72

What type of sample is used to measure blood gases and pH?

Answer 72

Arterial Blood

Question 73

What type of sample is collected over 24 hours to measure creatinine?

Answer 73

Urine

Question 74

What type of sample is used to measure CSF protein?

Answer 74

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Question 75

What type of fluids include pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal?

Answer 75

Serous Fluids

Question 76

What type of fluid surrounds the fetus in the womb?

Answer 76

Amniotic Fluid

Question 77

What phase involves processing samples ideally within 45 minutes to 1 hour for biochemical determinations?

Answer 77

Precentrifugation

Question 78

What phase uses centrifugal force to separate the phases of a suspension by density?

Answer 78

Centrifugation

Question 79

What phase involves separating serum or plasma from cells immediately after centrifugation?

Answer 79

Postcentrifugation

Question 80

What legal document describes how a sample is handled, including receipt, condition, and examination?

Answer 80

Sample Custody

Question 81

Conversion factor for Albumin

Answer 81

10

Question 82

Conversion factor for Ammonia

Answer 82

0.587

Question 83

Conversion factor for Ammonia

Answer 83

1.0

Question 84

Conversion factor for Bilirubin

Answer 84

17.1

Question 85

Conversion factor for BUN

Answer 85

0.357

Question 86

Conversion factor for Calcium

Answer 86

0.25

Question 87

Conversion factor for Chloride

Answer 87

1.0

Question 88

Conversion factor for Cholesterol

Answer 88

0.026

Question 89

Conversion factor for Creatinine

Answer 89

88.4

Question 90

Conversion factor for Glucose

Answer 90

0.0555

Question 91

Conversion factor for Iron

Answer 91

0.179

Question 92

Conversion factor for Potassium

Answer 92

1.0

Question 93

Conversion factor for Thyroxine

Answer 93

12.9

Question 94

Conversion factor for Magnesium

Answer 94

0.5

Question 95

Conversion factor for Sodium

Answer 95

1.0

Question 96

Conversion factor for Lithium

Answer 96

1.0

Question 97

Conversion factor for Phosphorus

Answer 97

0.323

Question 98

Conversion factor for Phospholipid

Answer 98

0.01

Question 99

Conversion factor for Total Protein

Answer 99

10

Question 100

Conversion factor for Triglyceride

Answer 100

0.0113

Question 101

Conversion factor for Uric acid

Answer 101

0.0595

Question 102

Conversion factor for pCO2

Answer 102

0.133

Question 103

Conversion factor for p02

Answer 103

0.133

Question 104

Prefix and symbol for 10^-18

Answer 104

atto (a)

Question 105

Prefix and symbol for 10^-15

Answer 105

femto (f)

Question 106

Prefix and symbol for 10^-12

Answer 106

pico (p)

Question 107

Prefix and symbol for 10^-9

Answer 107

nano (h)

Question 108

Prefix and symbol for 10^-3

Answer 108

milli (m)

Question 109

Prefix and symbol for 10^-6

Answer 109

micro (μ)

Question 110

Prefix and symbol for 10^-2

Answer 110

centi (c)

Question 111

Prefix and symbol for 10^-1

Answer 111

deci (d)

Question 112

Prefix and symbol for 10^0

Answer 112

liter, meter, gram

Question 113

Prefix and symbol for 10^1

Answer 113

deca (da)

Question 114

Prefix and symbol for 10^2

Answer 114

Hecto (h)

Question 115

Prefix and symbol for 10^3

Answer 115

Kilo (k)

Question 116

Prefix and symbol for 10^4

Answer 116

Mega (m)

Question 117

Prefix and symbol for 10^9

Answer 117

Giga (G)

Question 118

Prefix and symbol for 10^12

Answer 118

Tera (T)

Question 119

Prefix and symbol for 10^15

Answer 119

Peta (P)

Question 120

10^18

Answer 120

Exa (E)

Question 121

- Solution containing known concentration of a particular chemical or analyte - Used to calibrate instruments used for colorimetric, electrochemical, turbidimetric & other analytical measurements - Used to calibrate instruments in any analytic procedure

Answer 121

STANDARD SOLUTION/ STANDARDS

Question 122

Highly purified chemical that can be measured directly to produce substance of exact known concentration & purity

Answer 122

PRIMARY STANDARD

Question 123

Substance of lower purity, with its concentration determined by comparison with primary standard

Answer 123

SECONDARY STANDARD

Question 124

certified the use of standard reference materials (SRMs) instead of ACS primary standards

Answer 124

- National Institute of Standards and Testing (NIST)

Question 125

Enumerate the use of water in the clin lab

Answer 125

- To prepare reagents - As diluent for controls and standards - To flush and clean the internal components of analyzers or of instruments in the Clinical Chemistry laboratory - To wash and rinse laboratory glassware (cluster purity)

Question 126

What are the types of reagent grade water (CLSI)

Answer 126

o Clinical laboratory reagent water (CLRW) o Special reagent water (SRW) o Instrument feed water o Water supplied by method manufacturer o Autoclave and wash water o Commercially bottled purified water

Question 127

Can be of use in place of Type 1 and Type 2 water

Answer 127

Clinical Laboratory Reagent Water

Question 128

Variables used for monitoring water purity

Answer 128

- Resistivity - Bacterial content - pH - Silica content - Organic contaminants

Question 129

3 phases of centrifugation

Answer 129

Pre centrifugation Centrifugation Post centrifugation

Question 130

Ideally, all measurements should be performed within

Answer 130

45 minutes to 1 hour.

Question 131

Serum or plasma must be stored at

Answer 131

4ᵒC to 6ᵒC

Question 132

Enumerate Pleural fluid example test/s:

Answer 132

- Pleural fluid cholesterol - Pleural fluid triglycerides - Pleural fluid glucose

Question 133

Peritoneal fluid example test/s

Answer 133

- Peritoneal fluid glucose - Peritoneal fluid alkaline phosphatase - Peritoneal fluid aminase