Unit 1 - Basis Of Cells

Question 1

What is an isotope?

Answer 1

Atoms of the same element that vary on the number of neutrons

Question 2

What kind of molecules are hydrophilic?

Answer 2

Water loving polar molecules

Question 3

What kind of molecules are hydrophobic?

Answer 3

Water fearing non polar molecules

Question 4

What are the 5 properties of water

Answer 4

Cohesion
Adhesion
High specific heat
High heat of vaporization 
Less dense as a solid

Question 5

What is cohesion?

Answer 5

Attraction between particles of the same substance

Question 6

What is adhesion?a

Answer 6

Attraction between two different substances

Question 7

What is specific heat?

Answer 7

Amount of energy needed to raise or lower one gram of a substance to 1°C

Question 8

What is heat of vaporization?

Answer 8

Amount of energy to convert one gram of a substance from liquid to gas

Question 9

What is the basic formula for carbohydrates?

Answer 9

(CH2O)n

Question 10

What is a monosaccharide?

Answer 10

Simple sugars with multiple OH groups also the monomer of carbohydrates

Question 11

What is a disaccharide?

Answer 11

2 monosaccharides bonded together

Question 12

What bond holds together polymers of carbohydrates?

Answer 12

Glycosidic linkage

Question 13

What is a polysaccharide?

Answer 13

Polymers consisting of chains of monosaccharide or disaccharide units

Question 14

What are examples of monosaccharides?

Answer 14

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 15

Most monosaccharides are what of each other?

Answer 15

Isomers

Question 16

What are some examples of disaccharides?

Answer 16

Maltose, sucrose, lactose

Question 17

How do you make maltose?

Answer 17

2 glucose joined together

Question 18

How do you make lactose?

Answer 18

Glucose and galactose joined

Question 19

When dissolved in water what happens to sugar with more than 5 carbons? What happens when it’s dry?

Answer 19

When wet it forms a ring when dry it becomes linear

Question 20

What are the three most common polysaccharides and what organisms could you find them?

Answer 20

Cellulose and starch (plants)

Glycogen (animals)

Question 21

What is the main purpose of carbohydrates?

Answer 21

Short term energy storage

Question 22

What does chitin do? And what organisms is it used by?

Answer 22

Build exoskeletons

Used by arthropods

Question 23

What is a dehydration synthesis? And what’s another name for it?

Answer 23

Two subunits linked together through the removal of water

Condensation reaction

Question 24

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 24

Two subunits being broken apart by the addition of a water molecule

Question 25

What functional group do carbohydrates have?

Answer 25

Hydroxyl group (OH)

Question 26

What are lipids made up of?

Answer 26

C H and O

Question 27

Are lipids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Answer 27

Hydrophobic

Question 28

What are the functions of lipids? (7)

Answer 28

``` Digestion Insulation Food storage Chemical signalling (hormones) Structural Fat-soluble vitamins Protective coating (to repel water) ```

Question 29

What is the main purpose of lipids?

Answer 29

Energy storage (long term)

Question 30

Which stores more energy, carbs or lipids?

Answer 30

Lipids

Question 31

What are the four types of lipids

Answer 31

Fats (triglycerides) Phospholipids Steroids Waxes

Question 32

What is a triglyceride made up of?

Answer 32

A glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid chains

Question 33

What bond bonds triglycerides?

Answer 33

Ester linkage

Question 34

What functional group do fatty acids have?

Answer 34

Carboxylic group (C = O and an OH attached to the C)

Question 35

What are the characteristics of saturated fats?(4)

Answer 35

Single covalent bonds only Found in animals Solid at room temp Tightly packed

Question 36

Molecules containing carbon can usually be classed as what kind of compound?

Answer 36

Organic compound

Question 37

What are the characteristics of unsaturated fats? (4)

Answer 37

Have some double bonds amongst the single bonds Have a chink in the chain (from double bonds) Liquid at room temp Found in plants

Question 38

Phospholipids are made up of?

Answer 38

Polar phosphate head | 2 non polar fatty acid tails

Question 39

What is the structure of steroids?

Answer 39

4 carbon ring

Question 40

Cholesterol is what kind of lipid?

Answer 40

Steroid

Question 41

What is the structure of waxes?

Answer 41

Long chain fatty acids linked to alcohol or carbon rings

Question 42

What is cutin? And what is it an example of?

Answer 42

Wax to form waTer resistant coating on leaves | Example of a wax (lipids)

Question 43

What are the functions of proteins? (7)

Answer 43

``` Structural support Enzymatic functions Defence against foreign substances Transport molecules Storage Movement Regulating cellular processes ```

Question 44

What is proteins monomer?

Answer 44

Amino acids

Question 45

What are the functional groups on amino acids? (2)

Answer 45

An amino group and a carboxyl group

Question 46

What are the structural components of an amino acid? (4)

Answer 46

Amino group, side chain (R), hydrogen, carboxyl group, all attached to alpha carbon

Question 47

How many R groups are there?

Answer 47

20

Question 48

How many amino acids are there?

Answer 48

20

Question 49

How many amino acids are essential?

Answer 49

8

Question 50

What are polymers of amino acids called?

Answer 50

Polypeptide

Question 51

What bond holds together amino acids?

Answer 51

Peptide bond

Question 52

What bond hold together a secondary protein?

Answer 52

Hydrogen bonds

Question 53

What bonds hold together tertiary proteins?

Answer 53

Disulphide bridges

Question 54

What can denature a protein? (4)

Answer 54

Changes in pH, salt concentration, temperature, and harmful chemicals

Question 55

What are the two nucleic acids?

Answer 55

RNA and DNA

Question 56

What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?

Answer 56

Nucleotide

Question 57

What are the structural components of a nucleotide? (3)

Answer 57

Nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group

Question 58

What are the elements making up nucleotides?

Answer 58

O, C, N, H, P

Question 59

What are the four nitrogenous bases in nucleotides?

Answer 59

Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

Question 60

What nitrogenous bases pair together?

Answer 60

A and T | C and G

Question 61

In RNA what replaces thymine?

Answer 61

Uracil

Question 62

What bases are pyrimidines and how many rings do they have?

Answer 62

Thymine and cytosine | One ring

Question 63

What bases are purines and how many rings do they have?

Answer 63

Adenine and guanine | Two rings

Question 64

ATP is a monomer, what monomer is it?

Answer 64

A nucleotide

Question 65

How many strands do DNA have?

Answer 65

2

Question 66

How many strands do RNA have?

Answer 66

1

Question 67

What are the three type of RNA?

Answer 67

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Question 68

What are the three points of cell theory?

Answer 68

1) all living things are composed of cells 2) they are the basic units of life 3) all cells come from pre-existing cells