Unit 2 - Cellular Respiration Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
Anaerobic process using pyruvate?
A
Fermentation
2
Q
Glycolysis produces how many ATP?
A
A net worth of 2
3
Q
Glycolysis occurs in the?
A
Cytoplasm
4
Q
Glycolysis ends with making?
A
2 pyruvate
5
Q
Aerobic respiration using pyruvate?
A
Krebs cycle
6
Q
Krebs cycle occurs in the?
A
Mitochondria
7
Q
The krebs cycle produces how many ATP per glucose?
A
2
8
Q
Krebs cycle produces how many NADH per glucose?
A
6
9
Q
Krebs cycle produces how many FADH per glucose?
A
2
10
Q
What is after the Krebs cycle?
A
Electron transport chain (ETC)
11
Q
Cellular respiration starts with?
A
Glucose
12
Q
What characteristic of the plasma (cell) membrane allows things to cross it?
A
Selective permeability
13
Q
What is the fluid mosaic model?
A
Where a membrane is like a fluid structure with a “mosaic” of various proteins embedded in it
14
Q
What are the phospholipid bilayer molecules composed of?
A
2 fatty acid tails and a phosphate head
15
Q
The fatty acid tails are?
The phosphate heads are?
(Hydro..what?)
A
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
16
Q
What are peripheral proteins and where are they located?
A
They’re used as identity markers and are loosely bound to the outside surface of the membrane
17
Q
What are integral proteins and where are they located?
A
They are in the membrane bilayer (usually across the whole thing) and are transport proteins
18
Q
Why is cholesterol important in the cell membrane? (2)
A
1) their presence decreases permeability
2) allows the cell membrane to function in a wide range of temps for example,
- in high temps cholesterol hells maintain rigidity
- in low tops it keeps the cell membrane fluid
19
Q
What type of proteins are glycolipids and glycoproteins and what are they for?
A
They’re peripheral proteins and are used for cell recognition
20
Q
What is diffusion?
A
The movement of molecules from a high area of concentration to a lower area of concentration
21
Q
What is equilibrium?
A
The balance between solutes and solvents
22
Q
What is a solute?
A
The substance to be dissolved
23
Q
What is a solvent?
A
The substance that is dissolving something
24
Q
What is osmosis?
A
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
25
What type of transport does osmosis require?
Passive transport
26
Does osmosis require energy for transportation?
No
27
What is a hypertonic solution?
A solution that causes a cell to shrink because of osmosis
28
What is a hypotonic solution?
A solution that causes a cell to swell because of osmosis
29
What is an isotonic solution?
A solution that causes no change in the side of the cell
30
What the cell of an animal and a plant cell that are in hypotonic solution are called
Lysed (animal)
| Turgid (plant)
31
What animal and plant cells are called in hypertonic solution
Shrivelled (animal)
| Plasmolyzed (plant)
32
What animal and plant cells are called in isotonic solution
Normal (animal)
| Flaccid (plant)
33
What type of transportation is facilitated diffusion?
Passive transport
34
What is facilitated diffusion?
The transportation if molecules from high to low concentration using protein channels in the membrane
35
Does facilitated diffusion require energy?
No
36
What is active transport?
The transportation of molecules against the concentration gradient
37
What does active transport require? (2)
A protein pump and
| Energy (ATP)
38
What do ATP and ADP stand for
ATP - adenosine triphosphate
| ADP- Adenosine diphosphate
39
An example of an active transport system would be?
Sodium-potassium pump
40
What molecules can diffusion transport?
Small hydrophobic ones
41
Osmosis moves what molecule and in what way?
Moves water and goes to high concentration of the solute to help achieve equilibrium
42
Does diffusion require a transport protein?
No
43
Facilitated diffusion requires what to move molecules?
A transport protein
44
What molecules does facilitated diffusion transport?
Any
45
Which way does active transport move the molecules?
In or out doesn't matter
46
Endocytosis and exocytosis are what type of transport?
Active transport
47
What do endocytosis and exocytosis achieve?
They transport molecules that are too big to go through the plasma membrane and protein molecules (like food and waste)
48
What does exocytosis transport?
Waste out of the cell
49
What does endocytosis transport?
Food and water
50
How do endocytosis and exocytosis transport things?
Using vesicles
51
What are vesicles?
They're when the plasma membrane folds to create a pocket
52
Which way does endocytosis carry molecules?
Into the cell
53
Which way does exocytosis carry molecules?
Out of the cell
54
What are the three types of endocytosis?
1) phagocytosis
2) pinocytosis
3) receptor-mediated endocytosis
55
What is phagocytosis?
The bringing in of food through vesicles
56
What is pinocytosis?
The bringing in of water with vesicles
57
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME)
Where special receptor molecules on the membrane bind with a large molecule and when it's fully surrounded pinocytosis occurs
58
What are autotrophs and what species are they?
They are self-producers (make their own food / energy)
| Plants
59
What are heterotrophs and what species are they?
They are consumers (consume food for energy)
| Animals
60
What is the basis of cellular respiration?
Breaking down glucose with the help of oxygen to create carbon dioxide, water, and energy
61
What is the most commonly used energy carrier?
ATP
62
How does ATP give off energy
By breaking a bond to create adp
63
How do NADh and NADPH donate electrons?
Through oxidation-reduction reactions (redox reactions)
64
What are NAD+ and FAD+?
Low energy, oxidized coenzymes that act as electron acceptors
65
What is it called when NAD+ and FAD+ have electrons added to them to become NADH and FADH2?
They are reduced
66
When electron acceptors are reduced what happens to their energy levels?
They are increased as it gives them more energy
67
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
When ATP is formed directly in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
68
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
When a series of redox reactions involving oxygen as the final electron acceptor indirectly make ATP
69
Does glycolysis require oxygen?
No it is anaerobic
70
What is the net production of ATP from glycolysis?
2 ATP
71
What is the overall equation of glycolysis?
Glucose + 2ADP + Pi + 2NAD+ ---> 2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2(NADH + H+)
72
Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
In the mitochondrial matrix
73
What is the overall equation for pyruvate equation?
2pyruvate + 2NAD+ + 2CoA ---> acetyl-CoA + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2CO2
74
What does the Krebs cycle produce?
3 NADH per cycle (6 total)
1 FADH2 per cycle (2 total)
2 CO2 per cycle (4 total)
1 ATP per cycle (2 total)
75
By the end of the Krebs cycle what is completely consumed?
The glucose molecule
76
What is the theoretical net harnessed energy for cellular respiration?
36 ATP
77
What is the electron transport chain? (ETC)
A series of protein complexes
78
Where is the ETC located?
The inner mitochondrial membrane
79
What happens to electrons as the move through the ETC?
They become more stable by occupying a more stable position
80
How many protons do NADH produce in the ETC?
3 each
81
How many protons are released per FADH2?
2 each
82
For every hydrogen produced that passes through the ATP synthase what is produced?
1 ATP
83
How many ATPs does NADH help make
3 each
84
How many ATPs does FADH2 help create?
2 ATP
85
Why must the ETC be aerobic?
Oxygen is the final electron and proton acceptor
86
What is the byproduct of the ETC?
Water
87
ATP yield from glycolysis?
2 ATP
4 ATP from THE 2 NADH
(6 total)
88
ATP yield from pyruvate oxidation?
6 ATP from 2 NADH
89
ATP yield from Krebs cycle?
2 ATP
18 ATP from 6 NADH
4 ATP from 2 FADH2
(24 total)
90
What is chemiosmosis?
Oxidative phosphorylation in the ATP synthase
91
What is metabolic rate?
The amount of energy consumed at a given time and a measure of the overall rate of cellular respiration reactions
92
Where does fermentation occur?
In the cytosol
93
What are the two types of fermentation?
Alcohol fermentation
| Lactic acid fermentation
94
Process of lactic acid fermentation
Glycolysis --> 2 pyruvate --> 2 lactic acid and 2 ATP
95
Process of alcohol fermentation?
Glycolysis --> 2 pyruvate --> 2 acetaldehyde --> 2 ethanol
96
Where does lactic acid fermentation occur?
In muscle cells
97
Where does alcohol fermentation occur?
In yeast
98
What alcohol does alcohol fermentation produce?
Ethanol
99
What organisms photosynthesize? (4)
Plants
Algae
Some protists
Cyanobacteria
100
What pigment do all photosynthesizing organisms contain?
Chlorophyll
101
What is chlorophyll made of?
Porphyrin ring and a long hydrocarbon tail
102
What does the leaf structure maximize?
Surface area exposed to sunlight
103
What does the cuticle do?
Protects the leaf from water loss
104
What is the epidermis?
Transparent layer that allows light to pass into the leaf
105
What is mesophyll
They are photosynthetic cells
106
What are the two types of mesophyll?
Spongey
| Palisades
107
What are vascular bundles?
Veins that transport water and / or nutrients between parts of the plants (xylem and phloem)
108
What are stomata?
Openings on the surface of the leaf
109
What do stomata do?
Open and close to regulate the gas exchange between atmosphere and leaf and water loss
110
What are guard cells?
Epidermal cells that surround stomata to regulate its size
111
What fills the chloroplast? (It's like cytoplasm)
Stroma
112
What's the difference lumen and lamella?
Lumen fills the space in the thylakoids while lamella connects grana
113
What are grana?
Stacks of thylakoids within the chloroplast
114
How many membranes do chloroplasts and mitochondria's both have?
2 (inner and outer)
115
Where does photosynthesis occur within the chloroplast?
The stroma and thylakoid membrane
116
What is a photon?
Light travelling in packets
117
What is the definition of photosynthesis?
Formation of a carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water (source of hydrogen) using light energy
118
Why is chlorophyll green?
Blue-violet and red light are absorbed by the pigment while green photons are reflected and transmitted to our eyes
119
What's the most important photosynthetic pigment?
Chlorophyll a
120
What are the (3) antenna / accessory pigments in leafs?
Chlorophyll b
Carotenoids
Xenthophylls
121
The pigments embedded in groups in the thylakoid membrane are called?
Photosystems
122
From what spectrum do pigments absorb their wavelengths of light?
Visible spectrum
123
Why do the leaves change colour in autumn?
In cooler temperatures plants stop producing chlorophyll which allows the other pigments to become visible
124
What are the three steps of light reactions?
Photoexcitation
Electron transport chain
Chemiosmosis
125
What do Photosystems consist of? (2 parts)
An antenna complex and a reaction centre
126
What part of the Photosystem absorbs the photon of light?
The antenna complex
127
How does chlorophyll a get excited in the Photosystem?
The energy from the photo goes from pigment to pigment until it reaches the chlorophyll in the middle of the reaction centre and its electron moves from ground state to a higher potential energy level thus becoming excited
128
What wavelength does Photosystem II need?
680
129
How many photons excite the first two electrons from chlorophyll P680?
2
130
The excited electrons from P680 are captured by what and taken to where?
A primary electron acceptor and are then transferred to the plastoquinone and the ETC
131
In the ETC what do the 2 electrons from P680 pass through?
A proton pump (q cycle)
132
The q cycle transports how many protons from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma to create 1 ATP?
4
133
After the q cycle what happens?
A Z protein splits water into 2 protons and electrons and an oxygen atom
134
What happens to the 2 protons? (That were split from water by Z protein)
Remain in the thylakoid space to add to the proton gradient
135
What happens to the 2 electrons? (That were split from water by Z protein)
They replace the ones lost from chlorophyll P680
136
What happens to the oxygen atom? (That was split from water by Z protein)
It leaves as a byproduct
137
What is the wavelength used in Photosystem I?
700
138
Two photons strike P700 to excite how many electrons?
2
139
The electrons excited in the P700 pass through what?
Another ETC
140
What does the NADP reductase use to reduce NADP+ to NADPH?
2 electrons and a proton from the stroma
141
What is the NADP reductase?
An enzyme
142
Where are the ATP and NADPH from the light cycle used?
In the Calvin cycle
143
Where do dark reactions occur?
In the stroma
144
What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle?
Carbon fixation
Reduction reactions
Regeneration of RuBP
145
What happens in step 1) carbon fixation
Catalyzed by rubisco three CO2 + RuBP ---> three 6-carbon things --> six 3-carbon PGA
146
What happens in step 2) reduction reactions?
Six PGA -(use six ATP)-> six 1,3-BPG -(use six NADPH)-> six G3P or PGAL
147
What leaves the second step of the Calvin cycle as a final product?
One G3P molecule
148
What happens in step 3) regeneration of RuBP?
Three ATP rearrange the last five G3P into three molecules of RuBP
149
The Calvin cycle is cyclic because?
It ends with making more RuBP which then continues the cycle on and on
150
What are the final amounts of energy used in the Calvin cycle?
9 ATP
| 6 NADPH
151
What can the lone G3P be converted to in;
The stroma?
The cytoplasm?
Stroma - glucose which can then be polymerized into starch
| Cytoplasm - glucose and sucrose
152
What is the main carbohydrate transported from mesophyll cycles (in the leaf) to other cells in the plant?
Sucrose
153
What is a C3 plant?
Any regular plant
154
How much CO2 is lost through photorespiration in a C3 plant under regular conditions?
20%
155
What climate are C3 plants found in?
Cold wet climates
156
How many molecules of ATP do C3 plants use?
18
157
Where are C4 plants found?
Warmer moist climates
158
What's the photosynthetic cell structure in both C4 and CAM plants?
Bundle sheath cell sour round by mesophyll cells
159
What's the main difference between C4 and CAM plants?
C4 open their stomata at day while
| CAM open theirs at night
160
Why do CAM plants close their stomata during the day?
To reduce water loss since their climates are so hot and dry (dessert-like conditions)
161
What kind of plants are CAM plants? Examples?
Water-storing plants like cacti and pineapples
162
Three factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis?
Co2 concentration
Temperature
Amount of available light energy
163
How does light intensity affect photosynthesis rates?
If it's low, ATP and NADPH production will slow
164
Is light intensity a limiting factor of the rate of photosynthesis?
Rarely
165
How does carbon dioxide concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis?
If carbon fixing is limited then less G3P, RuBP, and NADPH build up
166
Is CO2 concentration a limiting factor?
Yes since atmospheric CO2 is low
167
How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis
Low temperatures slow enzymes
| High temperatures make rubs icon denatured so carbon can't be fixed
168
Is temperature a limiting factor of the rate of photosynthesis?
More limiting at low temperatures than high
169
Main differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? (3)
Where it's done;
P - chloroplasts
CR - mitochondria's
What it accomplishes;
P - energy --> glucose
CR - glucose --> energy (ATP)
What organisms use it;
P - plants and some bacteria
CR - all living organisms
