Unit 1: Cell Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
______ is the study and function of living matter.
A
physiology
2
Q
energy and matter being organization ?
A
LIFE
3
Q
The internal environment is made up of extra-cellular fluid (ECF) and ______.
A
75 - 100 trillion cells
4
Q
The internal environment is divided into _____ systems to help us organize the body according to the ______.
A
organ functions (jobs)
5
Q
The organ systems are made up of different _____.
A
tissue types
6
Q
Organ systems proper function and interaction maintain ______.
A
homeostasis
7
Q
_____ means that conditions remain constant in the internal environment.
A
homeostasis
8
Q
To maintain homeostasis energy is required as well as the ______ =LIFE
A
the organization of matter
9
Q
The basic unit of life is called the _____.
A
cell
10
Q
Most mammalian cells have a cell membrane, _____, and nucleus.
A
cytoplasm
11
Q
Cells start out all the same from a _____ which arises from a fertilized egg. Then they ______ to become specialized as a tissue type that can function within one of the organ systems. Their structure and the processes they perform allow for a specialized function.
A
bastocyst
differentiate
12
Q
Cells start out all the same from a _____ which arises from a fertilized egg. Then they ______ to become specialized as a tissue type that can function within one of the organ systems. Their structure and the processes they perform allow for a specialized function.
A
bastocyst
differentiate
13
Q
______ involves changing the structure (architecture) of the cell, as well as the cell’s enzymes (proteins that catalyze biochemcial processes, making them “go faster” as well the _____ (proteins, glycoproteins)
A
Differentiation
receptors
14
Q
The structure includes the cell _________ (shape, size, specialized structures) & the receptors (specialized glycoproteins that interact with chemicals that are produced by the body, found on the cell membrane, in the cytoplasm, on the nucleus, or on the DNA.
A
Morphology
15
Q
_____ are charged particles.
A
ions
16
Q
____ are positively charged.
A
Cations
17
Q
_____ are negatively charged
A
Anions
18
Q
Valence are the number of ______.
A
charges
19
Q
75-100 trillion cells + extra cellular fluid (ECF) =
A
the internal environment
20
Q
The internal environment is divided in to ____ systems to help us organize the body according to the functions.
A
organ
21
Q
The organ systems are made up of different ____ types.
A
tissue
22
Q
The proper function of the organ systems and their interaction maintain _____.
A
homeostasis
23
Q
____ means that conditions remain constant in the internal environment.
A
homeostasis
24
Q
The basic unit of life is called the ___.
A
cell
25
Most mammalian cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and a _____.
nucleus
26
combing power?
?
27
Differing amounts of electrical charges across a barrier creates an electrical system that can ____ energy. This is just like the energy stored in a battery. It is built up by the cells and then released when energy is ____.
store
needed
i.e. muscle contraction
28
_____ are charged particles in living systems.
electrolytes
29
57% of the adult body is ____.
water
30
The total body water (TBW) of an adult body is _____.
40 liters
31
The ______ divides fluid into outer and inner compartments.
cell membrane
32
ECF or extracellular fluid is located ____ the cell wall.
outside
33
15 liters TBW?
?
34
Extracellular fluid includes the vascular space (________) and the interstitium (space between the cells with interstitial fluid).
blood plasma
35
Vascular fluid (blood plasma) is moved around by the circulatory system. There is about _____ Liters in the body.
3
36
_____ fluid is found inside the cell.
intercellular fluid (ICF)
37
Blood is a combination of plasma and _____, this is different than the rest of the ECF because it has more protein (______) than the rest of the ECF.
```
blood cell (containing ICF)
albumin
```
38
The extracellular fluid is made up of vascular fluid and _____.
Interstitial fluid (12 Liters)
39
An example is a chld's body water is more "at risk" of loss such as with rapid dehydration in a child since most of the body water is outside the cell (______- lost through perspiration, vomiting, diarrhea, etc)
unprotected
40
Intracellular fluid, fluid inside the cell accounts for _____ of an adult and _____ for a child. This also includes the ICF of the red and white blood cells circulating in the blood (ECF)
60%
| 40%
41
The ____ of the ECF and ICF is different due to the activity of the cell membrane and various forms of transport accomplished by the cell at the membrane interface (moving molecules/ions around)
composition
42
Whats found in the ECF?
```
Na+
HCO3-
Cl-
nutrients
glucose
albumin
```
43
Whats found in the ICF?
K+
PO4-
anions (including proteins with negatives charges)
44
Energy and Adenosine Tri-Phosphate (ATP) is mostly made in the cell organelle (little organ) called the _____.
mitochondria
45
The purpose of homeostasis is to maintain optimal PH (the amount of acid or base in the water), membrane electrical charges, and _____.
temperature
46
Maintain the pH of the internal environment at a pH of _____.
7.40
47
Maintaining the pH of the internal environment is essential for the chemical reactions of life to ____.
proceed normally
48
Maintaining the pH of the internal environment of the body is needed so that _____ and temperature can work properly.
enzymes
49
Maintaining this optimal acid-base environment requires _____ that resist a change in pH when acid or base is added. Chemicals in the solution "_____" either the acid or alkali.
buffers
| absorb
50
The three main buffer systems in our body:
chemical buffers
respiratory system buffer
renal buffers
51
add cards about buffers
? pg 6
52
Proteins are also called _____.
polypeptides
53
______ bring substances (substrates) together speed up chemical reactions between them to create products (ATPase, amylase) all their names end in -ase
enzymes
54
Hormones and ______ are synthesized in a gland and released to the bloodstream to have actions elsewhere in the body (e.g. insulin) OR synthesized by a cell and released to have local effects on neighboring cells
messengers
55
______ proteins make up the structural components of the body (osteoid in bone, collage in skin)
structural
56
_____ proteins have a special function in the body (hemoglobin)
functional
57
_____ proteins are carrier molecules
transporter
58
_____ proteins are alone or combines with carbs and therefore called glycoproteines that exist inside the cells and on cell membranes and help regulate cell processes by responding to chemical messengers from the bloodstream or from within the cell.
receptors
59
_____ proteins are substances that serve special functions (i.e. visual pigments)
special substances
60
Most buffering takes place inside our _____.
red blood cells
61
Whenever we say carbon dioxide (CO2) we are saying ____ because of the relation above.
acid
62
Respiratory system "buffer" is sometimes called a _____.
physcial buffer
63
Pulmonary ventilation removes ____, which is more an excretory process than a buffering.
CO2
64
CO2 (carbon dioxide) is considered to be a _______ gas acid; we blow off CO2 when we exhale.
volatile
65
CO2 is an _____ because of the carbonic anhydrase reaction.
acid
66
______ buffers are also called a metabolic buffer and is more powerful than respiratory action.
renal
67
The kidneys can excrete either acid or _____ urine as needed, in titratable amounts. Thus the acid excretion would be a fixed(titrable) acid excretion in water.
alkaline
68
The inside of the cell is ___. The outside of the cell is _____. This sets up a voltage difference which is stored energy that can be released on demand.
negative
| positive
69
Maintaining the optimum temperature for cellular processes are important for enzyme action (which are proteins) - ____ varies with temperature.
reaction rate
70
Maintaining the optimum temperature for cellular processes are important for other proteins - they may ______ or break apart if temperature isn't optimal.
coagulate
71
Cell theory states that all living things are composed of cells, each cell is capable of maintaining its won vitality and cell can _____ only from other cells.
arise
72
Eukaryotes have a _____ nucleus.
defined
73
Prokaryotes have _____ nucleus
no well defined
74
Functions of cells
```
movement
conductivity
respiration
reproduction
excretion
secretion
metabolic absorption
```
75
Cell components include a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ____.
various organelles
76
the plasma membrane surrounds the cell and _____.
organelles
77
The plasma membrane is formed of lipids (phospholipids) and proteins in a ______.
lipid bilayer
78
The hydrophilic heads face the ____ and _____.
ECF and ICF.
79
The hydrophobic tails comprimising the inner sandwich of the ____.
lipid bilayer
80
Proteins found in the cell membrane
integral
peripheral
transmembrane
81
Integral proteins are more on the _____.
inside
82
Peripheral proteins are more towards the ___ of the cell.
outside
83
Transmembrane proteins are in the _____ of the cell membrane.
middle
84
A function of the plasma membrane is ____ in which receptors interact with molecules.
recognition
85
Functions of the plasma membrane
transport
enzymes on cell membrane
ion channels
86
The structure of the lipid bilayer membrane results in _______.
selective permeability
87
_____ can freely pass through the pores of the membrane.
water
88
____ are the same as the phopholipids, so they melt right into the membrane and are not stopped. and lipid soluable substances.
lipids
89
____ can freely pass through the plasma membrane.
gases
90
Most _____ particles (ions) cannot pass freely through the plasma membrane.
charged
91
Most _____ substances (proteins, carbohydrate - mainly any non-lipid substance) cannot pass freely through the plasma membrane.
water soluble
92
The ______ is the largest organelle.
nucleus
93
The nucleus has a ______ (membrane)
nuclear envelope
94
The nucleus contains _____ (DNA)
chromosomes
95
The nucleus contains nucleolus where active DNA is being read and where ______ are made.
ribosome
96
______ are RNA protein complexes are made in nucleolus and sent to cytoplasm.
Ribosomes
97
_____ are where proteins are made from blueprint of DNA (mRNA), exist in cytoplasm or on endoplasmic reticulum membrane
ribsomes
98
Endoplasmic reticululm is a membrane factory to synthesize _____ (such as proteins, lipids, etc)
cell products
99
____ ER has ribosomes on it (synthesize proteins)
rought
100
_____ ER has no ribosomes (synthesizes hormones, lipids, and detoxify cells)
smooth
101
The ________ joins the cell membrane that surrounds the cell and the nuclear membrane.
endoplasmic reticulum
102
The ______ processes and bundles macromolecules like proteins and lipids as they are synthesized within the cell.
golgi apparatus
103
The ______ are nasty enzymes hydrolases (digestive enzymes) inside vesicles.
lysosomes
104
Many clinical correlations to ______ because of storage disease.
lysosomes
105
_____ are organelles that use the oxidative processes.
peroxisomes
106
____ are the energy factory of the cell.
mitchondria
107
Oxidative phosphorylation to produce ______ from oxidative respiration occurs in the mitochondria.
ATP
108
The _____ contains that protein microtubules and fillaments for cell shape, cilia, and form the centriole of cellular division/reproduction.
cytoskeleton
109
Protein molecules on cell membranes, in cytoplasm on nuclear membrane, and on DNA are reffered to as _____.
cellular receptors
110
Cellular receptors can recognize and bind _____.
ligands
111
A _____ is any substance that bind to a receptor.
ligand
112
Some ligands are messengers such as hormones or ______.
neurotransmitters
113
A _____ can also be drugs, infectious agents, volatiles (gases), antigens.
ligand
114
Some ligands are involved with "second messenger system" where the original chemical messenger creates a second chemical inside the cell that does the _____ of changing the cell's physiology.
actual work
115
Protein molecules embedded in the cell membrane are receptors that respond to chemical _____(any chemical that can interact with a receptor)
ligands
116
When a chemical interacts with a receptor this interaction is called _______, since the chemicals are coming from outside the cell and will change the cell's physiology.
signaling
117
Usually, the interaction with the receptor usually results in some change within the cell's physiology and may result in the ______. In this case, the first ligand is the first messenger and the chemical created inside the cell is the second messenger - this is what the cell responds to.
formation of another (second) chemical
118
A ligand can be _______ which means coming from outside of the body, like a drug.
exogenous
119
A ligand can be ______ which means created within the body, like a hormone)
endogenous
120
Therapeutic targets can increase this activity by increasing ______ activity using receptor agonist drugs.
receptor
121
Therapeutic targets can increase this activity by reducing degradation _____ inhibitor drugs.
enzyme
122
Cells can affect each other by a variety of ____.
methods
123
_____ are proteins of each cell membrane that are directly linked and thus, all of each of the linked cells are also metabolically linked.
gap junctions
124
Chemicals are secreted and travel to one or more cells far away from the original cell which is called ________.
remote signaling
125
These chemicals use a variety of receptor mechanisms on the receiving cell's plasma membrane _____.
receptor proteins
126
Types of signaling pathways
endocrine pathways
paracrine pathways
synaptic pathways
127
In the _____ pathways hormones travel through the bloodstream to affect remote cells.
endocrine
| i.e. insulin affecting all cells of the body, sent out by pancreatic islet cells
128
In the _____ path contract signaling by local chemical transmitters. Local chemical mediators affect local cells and then are destroyed or somehow inactivated.
paracine
| i.e. histamine release by mast cells affect capillary endothelial cells of blood vessels, causing edema
129
In the ___ path neurotransmitters (NTs) are released at chemical synapses.
synaptic
| i.e. acetylcholine at nerve-muscle junction (nerve firing causes muscle contraction)
130
____ is building up, storage, synthesis of new matter, growth.
anabolism
131
_____ is breaking down, utilizing stored materials, deriving energy for life.
catabolism
132
____ is what the enzymes are working on.
substrate
133
____ are proteins that make these biochemical processes go faster
enzymes
134
_____ is the final result of metabolic pathways.
final product
135
Genetic _____ prevents the production of a necessary enzyme in a metabolic pathway. If there is no other pathway able to replace what is missing, then _____ because the final product is missing or there is a build up of toxicity.
mutations
| disease results
136
Many genetic disorders are tested for in the neonate with routine neonatal testing mandated by the state called a ____.
heel stick
137
There are three types of treatments for inborn errors of metabolism that result in genetic mutations.
restrict chemical foodstuffs that will result in the buildup of toxic intermediate metabolites
replace the missing enzyme
gene therapy
138
With Pompe disease the approach is to _______ the missing enzyme, where the genetic mutation results in lack of alpha-glucosidase, a drug can be used as infusion to replace the missing enzyme.
replace
139
Gene therapy is delivering a healthy ____ to the body's cells so that the necessary substances can be made.
gene
140
Digestion occurs in the ____ system.
gastrointestinal
141
Digestion involves ____ nutrients into building block units using enzymes.
breaking down
142
Digestion occurs in the _____.
gut
143
The purpose of gut digestion is to achieve small molecules that can be brought into ____.
teh cell
144
Proteins ar broken down into _____.
amino acids
145
Polysaccharides are broken down into ___.
simple sugars
146
____ are broken down into fatty acids & glycerol.
Fats
147
Digestion continues to occur inside the cell and is called ______.
cellular respiration
148
Respiration is digestion ____ the cell.
inside
149
____ is breathing in and out of our lungs.
ventilation
150
Cellular respiration is often called _____ by the layperson.
metabolism
151
In cellular respiration chemical energy is released from the breakdown of ______ in nutrients.
chemical bonds
152
cytochromes?
?
153
Passive transport requires _____ energy expenditure.
no
154
Active transport requires _____ energy expenditure.
there be
155
Solute is the ____ in the liquid.
stuff
156
Solvent is the _____ of the solution.
liquid
157
Aliquot means the _____.
portion of liquid
158
Vesicles are created from cell membrane and pinch off to move large amounts of material inside of the cell which is called _______.
endocytosis
| i.e. extra water, vitamin B12
159
Vesicles are created from cell membrane and pinch off to move large amounts of material outside of the cell called ______.
exocytosis
| i.e. waste, proteins
160
Ligand binding causes a change in the receptor that is actually a change in its physical shape called a ______ change that is called receptor activation.
conformational
161
An ____ substance will activate a receptor.
agonist
162
An ____ substance will prevent receptor activation. May physically block the receptor or prevent activation in another way.
antagonist
163
All cells have many receptors. Research and development of new drugs often targets ______ and enzyme systems.
receptors
164
The more we know about basic science, we now have _____ for phamacologic interventions.
therapeutic targets
165
Many drugs exert their pharmacologic action via receptor activation or _____.
inactivation
166
The muscle paralyzing effects of succinylcholine occur because this drug ________ for binding sites with the endogenous agonist acetylcholine, thus preventing normal depolarization of muscle cells. This is useful to induce surgical paralysis for anesthesia and intubation.
competes
