Unit 1: Cells & Soluble mediators & Serologic Procedures

Question 1

The response of the body to pathogens involves ___ among many immune cells

Answer 1

cross-talk

Question 2

What are the primary phagocytic cells?

Answer 2

polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes

mononuclear monocytes-macrophages

Question 3

What are the steps in phagocytosis?

Answer 3

chemotaxis
adherence
engulfment
digestion
subsequent phagocytic activity

Question 4

Each of the granulocytic leukocytes begin as _____ in the bone marrow

Answer 4

multipotential stem cell

Question 5

What are the primary/central lymphoid organs?

Answer 5

thymus
bone marrow (or fetal liver)

Question 6

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues?

Answer 6

lymph nodes
spleen
GALT
thoracic duct
BALT
SALT
blood
mature lymphs & accessory cells

Question 7

What are the cells which recognize foreign antigens?

Answer 7

T lymphs

Question 8

T cells are derived from ___ and mature in the ____

Answer 8

bone marrow, thymus

Question 9

What aids in the creation of B1 cells?

Answer 9

CD5 marker

Question 10

Besides the bone marrow, where else can B cells be derived from?

Answer 10

GALT

Question 11

What is the function of plasma cells?

Answer 11

the synthesis and excretion of immunoglobulins

Question 12

What do B & T cells mature into?

Answer 12

effector cells

Question 13

What are the inhibitory proteins of the complement system?

Answer 13

C1 inhibitor
Factor H
Factor I
C4BP
Anaphylatoxin inhibitor
Anaphylatoxin inactivator
MAC inhibitor
C3 nephritic factor

Question 14

What are the physical consequences of complement activations?

Answer 14

blood vessel dilation

increased vascular permeability

Question 15

What are the cellular consequences of complement activation?

Answer 15

inflammatory mediators
cytosis
hemolysis
opsonization
phagocytosis
mediating hypersensitivity reactions

Question 16

Increased complement levels are often associated with…

Answer 16

inflammatory conditions
trauma
acute illnesses (MI)

Question 17

How can complement components (C3 & C4) be assessed by?

Answer 17

nephelometry

Question 18

Evaluation of C3b and C3d complement components is useful in the investigation of…..

Answer 18

hemolytic transfusion reactions

autoimmune hemolytic anemias

Question 19

What are the acute phase reactants?

Answer 19

CRP
Inflammatory mediators (C3 and C4)
fibrinogen
transport proteins

Question 20

Why is CRP prominent among the acute phase proteins?

Answer 20

its changes show great sensitivity

changes are independent of ESR and parallel to the inflammatory process

Question 21

CRP is a _____ and _____ measure of the acute phase reaction

Answer 21

direct and quantitative

Question 22

CRP assessment is useful in monitoring the following conditions…

Answer 22

rheumatoid arthritis
bacterial infections
rheumatic fever
crohn's disease
MI
strong predictor of cardiovascular events than LDL cholesterol

Question 23

Describe the CRP rapid latex agglutination test…

Answer 23

CRP antigen reacts with CRP antibody, if particles are coated, the antibody is present or vice versa

Question 24

What is serologic testing diagnostic for?

Answer 24

viral and bacterial diseases

Question 25

What are common serologic and immunologic tests?

Answer 25

pregnancy tests for hCG and tests for mono and syphilis

Question 26

What is the term for aggregation of soluble test antigens?

Answer 26

precipitation

Question 27

What are examples of artificial carriers?

Answer 27

latex particles and colloidal charcoal cells unrelated to the antigen whole bacterial cells

Question 28

What forms during a flocculation test?

Answer 28

fine particle precipitates

Question 29

What are the syphilis serologic tests?

Answer 29

VDRL (tests antibody-like protein) | RPR (tests antigen)

Question 30

Direct agglutination of pathogens can be used to detect...

Answer 30

antibodies directed against the pathogens

Question 31

How does treatment with proteolytic enzymes enhance agglutination?

Answer 31

it alters the zeta potential or dielectric contsant

Question 32

How does the use of colloids enhance agglutination?

Answer 32

adjusts the zeta potential of cells for IgG antibodies

Question 33

What are the techniques to enhance agglutination?

Answer 33

centrifugation treatment with proteolytic enzymes use of colloids AHG testing

Question 34

What agglutination grade is dark and turbid with many tiny agglutinates, free cells and may not be visible without microscope?

Answer 34

W+

Question 35

What agglutination grade is clear with several large agglutinates and few free cells?

Answer 35

3+

Question 36

What agglutination grade is turbid with many small agglutinates and many free cells?

Answer 36

1+

Question 37

What causes cross reactivity during pregnancy testing?

Answer 37

the fact that LH, FSH and TSH is identical to alpha subunit

Question 38

What can cause false positives during a pregnancy test?

Answer 38

hCG injection Chorioepithelioma Hydatidiform mole excessive ingestion of aspirin

Question 39

In pregnancy testing, a negative result can be evidenced by what?

Answer 39

agglutination