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MLT 106 Bloodbank > Unit 1: Immunologic Mechanisms and Procedures > Flashcards

Unit 1: Immunologic Mechanisms and Procedures Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cytokines?

A

soluble proteins or peptide molecules that function as powerful mediators, they activate and inactivate many cells

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2
Q

What are the two types of cytokines?

A

lymphokines & monokines

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3
Q

Differentiate lymphokines and monokines

A

lymphokines are effector molecules that allow cell communication

monokines are produced by monocytes and macrophages

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4
Q

What secretes antibodies?

A

plasma cells

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5
Q

Where are antigens usually found?

A

RBC membranes

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6
Q

What is another name for an antibody?

A

immunoglobulin

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7
Q

What are the components of the cellular immunity?

A 
macrophages
t cells
dendritic cells
lymphokines
molecular components
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8
Q

What are the components of the humoral immunity ?

A

fluid components: antibodies and complement

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9
Q

What are the components of your natural immunity?

A

phagocytic leukocytes
NK cells
polymorphonuclear cells
complement

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10
Q

What are the components of your adaptive immunity?

A

T and B lymphocytes
antibodies
cytokines

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11
Q

What are the two major phagocytic cells?

A

polymorphonuclear

mononuclear

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12
Q

What are the polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells?

A

poly - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

mono- monocytes (plasma), macrophages (tissues)

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13
Q

What are the major roles of the complement system?

A

the final lysis of normal/pathogenic cells by binding antibody

opsonization and phagocytosis

Mediation of inflammation

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14
Q

What are factors that include antibodies and complements components in plasma that coat pathogens and facilitate phagocytosis?

A

Opsonins

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15
Q

What is the antigen that your antibody is made against is?

A

antithetical antigen

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16
Q

What is B-lymphocytes role?

A

humoral immunity, they produce antibodies and become plasma cells

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17
Q

How do T-helper cells aid B-cells?

A

they aid in B-Cell division

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18
Q

What are the types of T-Cells?

A

Helper Cells (CD4)
Cytotoxic Cells (CD8)
Regulatory Cells
NK cells

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19
Q

What is the role of T-Helper cells?

A 
they activate and direct actions of other immune cells
secrete cytokines
assist B-cells in antibody prod.
activate suppressor cells
recognizes antigens (MHC II)
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20
Q

What is the role of cytotoxic T cells?

A

attack and lyse cells infected wit viruses, tumor cells, bacteria and damaged cells, interacts with MHC I

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21
Q

What is the role of NK cells?

A

large granular lymphocytes that lyse infected cells, malignant cells and antibody-antigen complexes (acts before cytotoxic cells)

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22
Q

What inhibits the NK cells from attacking a cell?

A

MHC I

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23
Q

Basophils are activated by what antibody?

A

IgE

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24
Q

What granulocyte releases histaminase?

A

Eosinophils

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25
What are the functions of agranulocytes?
phagocytosis | Serve as APC (processes and presents antigens)
26
How do chemokines work?
they bind to their receptors on cells and number of receptors inc as the cell is stimulated, the higher concentration of chemokines, the stronger the infected site is
27
What are the classes of cytokines?
interleukins interferons tumor necrosis factors colony stimulating factors
28
What encodes for the HLA proteins?
MHC
29
What distinguishes between human proteins and foreign proteins?
HLA
30
Where are MHC I molecules located?
all nucleated cells except sperm and egg
31
Where are MHC II molecules located?
antigen-presenting cells, b lymphs, actiavted T cells and various dendritic cells
32
What antibody class neutralizes toxins, is the largest, and is the most effective antibody for agglutination?
IgM
33
What antibody class is clinically significant and at what temperature?
IgG, 37 degrees celcius
34
What antibody class protects against bacteria and viruses, causes anaphylactic transfusions?
IgA
35
What antibody class proliferates during transfusions or when you are pregnant?
IgG
36
What antibody class mediates the release of histamines and heparin from basophil and mast cells?
IgE
37
What antibody class is found in blood types?
IgM
38
What antibody class acts as a receptor for antigens when found on the surface of B-lymphs?
IgD and IgM
39
What does complement do?
Causes red cell lysing
40
What are the antigenic determinates that is the binding site for an antibody?
epitope
41
How many Fc receptors does IgM have? How many binding sites?
5, 10
42
In order to activate complement, how many Fc regions do you need?
2
43
What antibody class can also be found in the epithelial cells of the respiratory and reproductive tracts?
IgA
44
How are the polypeptide chains held together?
covalent forces | disulfide bridges
45
What are the enzymes that cleaves immunoglobulins?
papain and pepsin
46
What are the fragments that immunoglobulins are cleaved into?
two antigen binding fragments (FAB) | one crystallized fragment (Fc)
47
What is the variable domain?
the upper portion of each FAB site, the area that actually binds to the antigen
48
What activates the complement cascade?
the constant domain
49
What are the four phases of antibody response?
lag - no antibody log - antibody titer inc logrithmically plateau - antibody titer stabilizes decline - antibody catabolism
50
What is the predominant type of antibody in secondary response? Primary?
IgG | IgM
51
What are the purified antibodies cloned from a single cell?
monoclonal antibodies
52
What forms the membrane attack complex and produces fragment split products?
the complement system
53
What are the pathways of the complement system?
classical alternative lectin
54
How is the classical pathway initiated?
by the antibody-antigen binding complex
55
What acts on the C2 and C4 to cleave them?
C1qrs
56
What is the C3 convertase?
C4b2a, cleaves C3
57
What is the C5 covertase?
C4b2a3b, cleaves C5
58
What recruits C6, 7, 8, 9 to the cell membrane to assist C5b in cell lysis?
C5a
59
What does C5b, 6, 7, 8, 9 form?
MAC
60
What activates your alternative complement pathway?
without acquired immunity | activates by surface contacts with complex molecules
61
What is analogous to C1 in the alternative pathway?
factor D
62
What is analogous to C2 in the alternative pathway?
factor B
63
What is analogous to C4 in the alternative pathway?
C3b
64
What is analogous to C4b2a (C3 convertase) in the alternative pathway?
C3bBbP
65
What is analogous to C4b2a3b in the alternative pathway?
C3b2BbP
66
What cleaves factor B?
Factor D
67
What is the purpose of properdin?
to stabilize the C3bBb complex to yield C3bBbP
68
What does C3bBbP activate?
the amplification loop to produce another 3a and 3b to yield C3b2BbP (C5 convertase)
69
What activates the lectin complement pathway?
the attachment of plasma mannose binding lectin to microbes
70
What are in vitro testing technique s to detect antigens or antibodies?
hemagglutinations agglutination inhibition hemolysis
71
What are the quantitative antigen/antibody tests?
RIA ELISA WB (western blotting) IF
72
What is hemagglutination used for?
analysis of blood group antigen-antibody responses and typing for ABO, Rh and other blood group antigens
73
What are the two stages of hemagglutination?
``` Sensitization Precipitation reaction (agglutination) ```
74
What are factors that influence antigen-antibody reactions?
intermolecular binding forces antibody properties host factors tolerance
75
What is the term for lymphocytes assisting with opsonization to facilitate phagocytosis in the complement system?
ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity)
76
What are the factors that affect the first stage of agglutination?
``` centrifugation temp pH incubation time type of enhancement media used zonal reaction ```
77
What is a prozone reaction? Due to?
an excess amount of antibody that causes a false negative reaction
78
What is a postzone reaction? Due to?
an excess amount of antigen that is caused by a false negative reaction
79
What are the four types of hypersensitivity?
I - anaphylaxis/immediate, histamine release, occurs in IgA deficient ppl who are given plasma IgA II - IgM or IgG with complement, phagocytes and proteolytic enzymes, includes HDN and transfusion reactions. caused by blood group antibodies and autoimmune hemolytic reactions III - phagocytes, IgG or IgM and complement. antibody complexes results in tissue damage IV - T-cell mediated responses and their cytokines (can be fatal)

MLT 106 Bloodbank (5 decks)

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