unit 1: Challenges in Society Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
what is an inductive type of argument?
A
Reasoning from the specific to the general.
2
Q
what is a deductive type of argument?
A
Where arguments can be explained as reasoning from the general to the specific (i.e. they can be deduced).
3
Q
what is meant by argument from authority?
A
A common, weak form of argument. It is reasoning based on the similarities between two or more things.
4
Q
what is meant by a causal argument?
A
A weak type of argument that claims that one thing happened as a direct results of something occurring.
5
Q
what is meant by argument from analogy?
A
Often described as a ‘fallacy’, this type of argument is often offered by an experts and is based on their views.
6
Q
what is the difference between fact and opinion?
A
fact: A fact is objective and can be confirmed and supported by evidence. A fact’s accuracy can be established.
opinion: is subjective and concerns an individual’s feelings
7
Q
give an example of a deductive argument
A
PREMISE (previous statement):There are always 3 angles in a triangle.
The total number of degrees in the angles of the triangle is always 180.
Two of the angles in this triangle add up to 150 degrees.
CONCLUSION (deductive argument):Therefore, the third angle must be 30 degrees.
8
Q
give an example of an inductive argument
A
Premise: For the past 50 years it has always rained in the first week of April in the Lake District.
Conclusion: Therefore, it will rain in the first week of April next year in the Lake District.
(The conclusion cannot be certain but may be very likely).
9
Q
give an example of an argument from analogy
A
Because two things are similar, they will react in similar ways/share similar characteristics.
10
Q
give an example of a causal argument
A
Something happened as a direct consequence of something else.
Example: She had a poor diet and, therefore, she had a heart attack.
11
Q
for each statement decide what type of argument it is:
1) Generally, the brains of primates are similar to the brains of humans.
Human brains produce consciousness.
Conclusion: Therefore the brains of primates produce consciousness
2) Birmingham is a city in the West Midlands.
The West Midlands is a region in England.
Conclusion: Therefore, Birmingham is a city in England.
3) All cats that you have observed purr. Therefore, every cat must purr.
4) Suzy is a doctor. Doctors are smart. Suzy is assumed to be smart.
5) Scientists believe that sugar poses more of a threat than fat, therefore, we must cut out certain sugars.
A
1) Argument from analogy.
2) Deductive argument
3) Inductive argument
4) Inductive argument
5) Argument from authority
12
Q
what is meant by society?
A
a group of people who share a defined territory and a culture q
13
Q
what is a hypothesis?
A
-a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
14
Q
how do scientific theories come to be?
A
- an observation is made
- possible explanations (hypothesis) are given
- the hypothesis are then assessed
- when on is selected a prediction is made
- scientists the design and carry out tests
- if the test is consistent with the explanation then it may become part of a theory if not the scientist go back to another explanation
15
Q
what type of argument (process) do you think the forming of scientific explanations use?
A
-induction
16
Q
give an example where a scientific prediction has been made due to a situation
A
- In a Viennese hospital a Dr noticed that women giving birth in on ward were dying but others in another part of the hospital were surviving.
- The Dr looked for difference in the two wards and discovered that the surviving women were treated by trainee midwives whereas those in other ward attended by student doctors.
- he realised that the doctors were touching corpses in their anatomy lessons- something that the midwives did not do.
- He suggested that the doctors should wash their hands after anatomy lessons after he saw one of his doctor friends develop a fatal infection whilst dissecting a corpse.
- He had predicted that there may be a link between touching corpses and touching the pregnant women during labour.
- After introducing this practice, with the doctors the mortality rate reduced to that of the midwives’’ ward.
- Semmelweis then made a prediction from this observation and tested it; this later resulted in the theory that minute organisms could cause disease.
17
Q
what does it mean when a theory can be only considered scientific if it was open to falsification
A
-this is where scientist deliberately try to find circumstances where the theory could fail and we test it under those conditions to see what happens
18
Q
what is Occam’s Razor?
A
-this is where the explanation with the fewest assumptions (simplest) should be used for theories
19
Q
what questions can science not answer?
A
questions that do not relate to the physical world such as;
- Those relating to the meaning of life
- The existence of God
- Whether humans or other animals have souls
- Moral questions, such as why don’t we make everyone donate blood?
20
Q
what are some of the big questions in science and what research if any is done to answer these questions?
A
- ) what is the universe made of
- astronomers don’t know what 95% of the universe is made of - ) How did life begin?
- some say that life began in hot pools near volcanoes, others say that it was kick- started by meteorites hitting the sea
- Miller-Urey experiment The two scientists sealed a mixture of water, ammonia, methane and hydrogen in a sterile flask. The mixture was heated to evaporate water to produce water vapour. Electric sparks were passed through the mixture of water vapour and gases, simulating lightning. After a week, contents were analysed. Amino acids, the building blocks for proteins, were found. - ) Why do we dream?
- Animal studies and advances in brain imaging have led us to a more complex understanding that suggests dreaming could play a role in memory, learning and emotions. Rats, for example, have been shown to replay their waking experiences in dreams, apparently helping them to solve complex tasks such as navigating mazes.
21
Q
what is meant by cosmology?
A
-the scientific study of origins of the universe and galaxies
22
Q
what were the commonly held beliefs in the greek and middle eastern developments?
A
- the earth is the centre of the universe
- the earthly universe has a boundary, and heaven lies beyond it
23
Q
what is the geocentric theory?
A
this is theory that said that the sun and other heavenly bodies circled the earth, and so earth was the centre of the universe
24
Q
how did Copernicus challenged the society and science?
A
- It was thought that the sun and other heavenly bodies circled the earth (the geocentric theory), and so it was accepted that the earth was the centre of the universe
- in the early 16th Century, Copernicus proposed a heliocentric theory
- this was there sun was notional centre of the universe
25
what is meant evolution?
the process of change over time in the inherited characteristics of organisms
26
what is meant by natural selection?
-the process by which organisms adapt to their environment though changes in their gene make-up
27
what are the advantages and disadvantages from the discovery of the structure of the atom and radioactivity?
Advantages
-study of radioactivity leads to the discovery of nuclear power
Disadvantages
- use of radioactive elements to create weapons
- rogue behaviour e.g North Korea
- Tense relationships between neighbours e.g India/Pakistan
28
what are the advantages and disadvantages of GM crops?
Advantages
-they offer a way to improve food productivity without expanding on the planet's wild places to create more fields for farmers
-can create crops that are resistant to pest e.g strain of wheat that emit a chemical causes aphids to fly away from them.
-by 2050 it is likely earth's population will be 9 billion and finding food for such numbers will not be easy
-will alleviate starvation
-can create food that's uniform or more attractive which will benefit supermarkets
Disadvantages
-reduce carbon footprint
-Genetic engineering can introduce a known or unknown allergen into a food that previously did not contain it. For example, a soybean engineered to contain genes from a brazil nut was found to produce allergic reactions in blood serum of individuals with nut allergies
-A 1999 study published in APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY found evidence supporting the view that bacteria in the human mouth could potentially take up antibiotic resistance genes released from food. .) By putting antibiotic resistance genes into our food, we may be increasing the public health problem even further.
29
what are the advantages and disadvantages of Gene theory?
Gene theory: The structure of inheritance, the structure of DNa and the genetic code
advantages:
- useful modifications of crop plants to increase yields, use poorer soils and defeat pests
- can be able to understand the basis of some of some kinds of inherited diseases and possibility of new treatments
Disadvantages
- ethical issues about information to be given to parents; genetic counselling
- concerns about the effects of crops on humans and the environment and 'natural' ecosystems
30
give examples where science has benefitted society
- electric cars
- renewable energy such as wind and solar
- carbon dioxide capture systems
- improved communication technology to reduce movement
31
in what way have scientific advances assisted population growth?
Advances in food production and distribution:
- The use of pesticides in LDCs increased between 40% to 60% in the last 25 years of the twentieth century.
- making it possible for the rapid expansion of agriculture in the United States and other developed countries.
Public Health:
-Access to safe drinking water was related to the incidence of epidemic diseases such as cholera and child survival.
-Less than 50% of the population had access to safe drinking water before 1990. By 1990, access to safe drinking water had increased by 75%
HOWEVER An increasing number of countries both developed and developing are approaching the limits of sustainable water use based on their own renewable resources.
Conquest of Disease:
- As far back as 1800, scientists knew how to use vaccines to protect people from infectious disease, such as influenza, smallpox, polio and rubella in MDCs.
- the germ theory of disease, discovered by Louis Pasteur in the 1870s clearly demonstrated that a person's health was also a community problem. Sewage dumped into a public water supply could cause disease, the science of public health was born.
32
“Using science to try to solve our problems just leads to new problems like global warming, over-population or nuclear weapons. Therefore, we should stop all scientific research.”
Assess the strength of this claim. (20 marks)
POSITIVES of scientific advances in these areas (use knowledge, data and opinion to support your points)
NEGATIVESof scientific advances in these areas (use knowledge, data and opinion to support your points)
Think about the fact that the outcomes of scientific research cannot be predicted; e.g , a soybean engineered to contain genes from a brazil nut was found to produce allergic reactions in blood serum of individuals with nut allergies technological applications can have side effects, which are unpredictable/unforeseen; some applications have both beneficial and harmful
effects;
scientists do not decide how discoveries may be used; we all commonly use technology; e.g nuclear power goes to the power of the government which can be bad in some cases like the North Korean gov
responsibility rests with society as a whole
Conclusion
33
give examples of technologies that are being introduced to reduce global warming
Solar geo-engineering:
They all act very fast. They're all cheap enough that money is not the issue and they're all inherently imperfect," says Keith, author of the 2013 book A Case for Climate Engineering.
Carbon Capture:
- which traps emissions from power plants and removes them the atmosphere, might obviate the need for such a drastic step.
- Klaus Lackner, a Columbia University geophysicist, is working on synthetic trees that absorb carbon dioxide about a thousand times faster than natural trees.
Solar and Wind Power:
-Companies such as California-based Makani, acquired this year by Google, are trying to harness power from high-altitude wind, which is faster and steadier. Their challenge: tethering airborne turbines hundreds of feet off the ground without interfering with aircraft
34
what are two types of scientific research? give defs and example for each
-Curiosity driven research
Pure research or curiosity-driven research involves seeking systematically and methodically for knowledge without having any particular application in mind.
This type of research is not necessarily economically profitable in itself but may offer conditions for future innovations and scientific breakthroughs.
e.g in 1960 the US gov were thinking of funding basic research on how bacteria protect themselves SO when they chose to spend money on these scientist found that bacteria can cut DNA AND this basic technique was developed to create new knowledge to answer questions that have lead to all type of therapies including insulin, stroke treatment, growth hormones, DNA fingerprinting etc
-applied research
Applied research involves the systematic and methodical search for knowledge with a specific application in mind.
-in 1960 the UIS gov were deciding on whether to spend money on developing an affordable treatment for diabetes
35
what are the arguments for and against the government funding of scientific research?
FOR
-where there are high levels of risk in research, particularly for long term projects, the private sector (companies) may not want to invest shareholders’ money. Therefore, without government finance, the research may never happen.
-Scientific research can create economic growth for a country and, therefore, benefit its citizens.
-Some research is in the public interest and, hence, should be funded by taxpayers’ money.
- when the backer has a stake in the study's outcome. A pharmaceutical company paying for a study of a new depression medication, for example, might influence the study's design or interpretation in ways that subtly favour the drug that they'd like to market.
Drug research sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry is more likely to end up favouring the drug under consideration than studies sponsored by government grants or charitable organisations
AGAINST
- With a large level of public debt, it could be argued that this is not affordable for governments.
- Taxpayers do not have a choice about the research projects chosen, and some would argue that governments should not be investing in risky projects. Money could be better used in welfare payments, education etc.
- Almost 75% of U.S. clinical trials in medicine are paid for by private companies
36
give examples of Charities that fund scientific research
Association of Medical Research Charities (AMRC)
-Medical research charities can only fund research that falls within their charitable objectives, which may focus on a particular disease or condition, a range of diseases or more widely on improving human health through education and research.
37
give examples of scientific advances in medicine
Human genome project:
-which has helped researchers identify single genes that cause disease and in turn has aided in creating better treatments
Stem Cell research:
-stem cells can essentially be programme to become any type of cell in the body and researcher say they have enormous potential for curing diseases and repairing damaged tissues
Targeted Cancer Therapy:
- these work in two ways - bye either interfering with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumour growth or identify and kill
- more than 15 drugs have been approved by the FDA
- the national cancer institute says eventually treatments may be individualized based on the unique set of molecular targets produced by the patients tumour
Bionic Limbs:
Amputees are living life to the fullest thanks to the advances in prosthetics.
-From computer chips that sync joints to Bluetooth devices that coordinated movement, to 3-D computer models that customize socket designs to make limbs feel as real as poss.
38
give examples where ict innovations have benefitted society
-rapid SMS scheme in Rwanda:
500 volunteer community health care workers in the rural districts in Rwanda have been given free phones so they can keep track of all pregnant women in their villages
- UNICEF's unique innovation, the solar-powered digital drum. UNICEF is developing these rugged computer kiosks that will serve as information acess points aimed at youths and their communities.
- In Somalia refugees who arrive at transit centre are digitally fingerprinted using a mobile scanner during registration.
39
what is meant by leapfrogging?
refers to the adoption of advanced or state-of-the-art technology where immediate prior technology has not been adopted
40
give examples where there has and hasn't been high tech leapfrogging
from the 1950s the gap for PCs and CAT scans between its invention and widespread adoption was only 20 years and for mobile phones was just 16.
just ten years ago, only 1% of Africans were within reach of a wireless voice network, but today that figure has ballooned to an incredible 65%.
Whilst for the For 19th-century technologies the gap was long: 120 years for trains and open-hearth steel furnaces, 100 years for the telephone. For aviation and radio, invented in the early 20th century, the lag was 60 years.
41
In some developing economies, such as those in Latin America, the impact of technology has been less than in some Asian economies.
why is this?
1. ) Technological Inheritance
- Most advances are based on the labours of previous generations: you need electricity to run computers and reliable communications for modern health care, for instance.
- So countries that failed to adopt old technologies are at a disadvantage when it comes to new ones.
- Mobile phones, which require no wires, are a prominent exception
2.)The adoption of older technologies
Soviet central planners loved to build electricity lines everywhere; the result is that ex-communist countries enjoy near-universal access to electricity.
-Latin American countries had no such background and as a result consume only about half as much electricity per person as eastern Europe and central Asia.
42
what is meant by globalisation?
the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected
43
what are some of the problems of the resulting globalisation?
1. Free Trade can Harm Developing Economies.
2. Environmental Costs
3. Labour Drain
4. Less Cultural Diversity
44
what are the arguments for and against for the use of government support for ICT innovation in developing countries?
FOR
- Some suggest that the introduction of ICT in developing countries will rapidly improve wealth as well as social and personal well-being.
- they say it should be treated as a matter of urgency, since any delay puts developing countries at risk of being further marginalised
- ICT can improve access to basic services, such as health and education.
AGAINST
- aid sceptics say many government funded projects are financially unsustainable in the long term, and question the extent to which many projects are demand-led.
- Telecentres and projects involving subsidised public access to the internet have been dubbed ‘rusting tractors for the 21st century’ by some
45
give examples of scientific theories which are said to challenge religious beliefs
Darwin's Theory of Evolution
- The basic idea behind the theory of evolution is that all the different species have evolved from simple life forms. These simple life forms first developed more than 3 billion years ago.
- Within this theory, species evolve through a process of ‘natural selection’.
'Bing Bang' Theory
-The theory states that about 13.7 billion years ago all the matter in the Universe was concentrated into a single incredibly tiny point. This began to enlarge rapidly in a hot explosion (The Big Bang), and it is still expanding today.
Copernican Heliocentric Theory
- The ‘Copernican Revolution’ was the shift from the Ptolemaic model of the heavens,
- which described the cosmos as having Earth stationary at the centre of the universe
- , to the heliocentric model with the Sun at the centre of the Solar System
46
what points could be used to show what religious beliefs and science are compatible?
- There are some contradictions but perhaps the Bible is not to be interpreted literally (Adam and Eve v Creationism)
- Science involves moral decisions and this is often guided by people’s beliefs and faith.
47
what are some examples where science and religion appear to condratict each other?
```
Origin of Earth/universe/Big Bang
Heliocentric/geocentric system
Darwin and evolution/creationism
Explanations for miracles
Explanations for natural phenomena eg earthquakes/disease
```
48
what are some arguments for why science an religion are not compatible?
-science is empirical/based on observation which lead to theories through induction/ testing whilst religion is based on faith/holy texts which cannot be tested
-Science explains how/science doesn’t explain why whilst religion addresses questions of purpose
-Ethics/morals not normally part of science as morals may come from religion or experience and people may have different religious beliefs
-Science arises from human curiosity/desire to explain
and religion was also a way of explaining the world
49
give an example where science may be compatible with religion
Pope says "Theory universe born in cosmic explosion 13.7 billion years ago 'doesn't contradict' divine Creator but 'demands it'"
-the pope also said God should not be regarded as some sort of "magician", waving a magic wand
-The president of Italy's National Institute fro Astrophysics said "We are the descendants of the Big Bang, which created the universe. You just have to think that in our blood we have a few litres of hydrogen, which was created by the Big Bang 13.7 billion years ago."
"Our blood is red because it contains iron, which was created by the explosion of a star millions and millions of years ago. Out of creation came evolution."
50
‘The history of major scientific theories shows us that scientific knowledge is so uncertain as to be useless’
Discuss the arguments for and against this assertion. 20 marks
scientific theories come about when;
- Observation
- Possible explanation or hypotheses
- Assessment of possible explanations through tests or experiments
- Conclusion or scientific theory
Observations are used to make a generalized conclusion. As long as new observations are consistent with that conclusion the theory or conclusion is upheld. The conclusion can only be provisional (not final) as it is not possible to make all observations.
examples where theories has changed in the light of new information:
1. Planets moved around earth to planets move around sun.
2. Transmission of disease (The miasma theory held that diseases such as cholera or Black Death were caused by a miasma (ancient Greek: "pollution"), a noxious form of "bad air", also known as "night air". before the germ theory of disease
3. Plum pudding theory of atomic structures;
4. Stem cells (stem cells could only arise in embryos then in 2000 scientists found that cells from bone marrow could produce nerve or liver cells and cells in the brain could yield other cell types.)
examples of theories that have been upheld:
1. Evolution – but not the age of man
2. Genetics DNA
3. Atomic theory and sub atomic particles (how matter is made from atoms and in that are protons, neutrons and electrons)
example where a scientific theory was uncertain but with more research it was found to be true:
51
what does humanity refer to?
having or showing compassion towards others and is linked to morality and ethics
52
what is meant by secular
not connected with religions or spiritual matters
53
why is the UK not a secular society?
- because of the role of Christian beliefs in the state/politics.
- In the UK the church is recognised by the state. The Queen is the Head of State and the Head of the Church of England.
- There are 26 unelected bishops of the Church of England sit in the House of Lords. Known as the ‘Lords Spiritual’, they read prayers at the start of each daily meeting and play a full and active role in the life and work of the Upper House.
54
should we have a secular state in the UK?
- Given the increasing diversity of religious beliefs in the UK, there are calls for politics and religion to be less connected.
- the 26 bishops in the House of Lords impact the passing of laws and some people believe this unjustly gives Christianity too much of a contribution to our society.
-Some argue that the UK is already a secular society but this is not reflected in its politics, due to the privileged position of Christianity
55
do we need religion to create a humane society?
YES
- e.g China in the present; Christianity is booming because people seek a spritiual framework (religion) other than things that are connected with logic and measurable things.
- Religion is a good social adhesive, its good at binding people in a community together. Research has shown that religious institutes and organisations are much better at creating civic networks and civic activist & in a world where religion in the west is declining, it has been shown that 1 in 10 young people in Britain feel that they have no responsibility in helping the elderly.
- if religion was taken out of society then it would be one man's work against another on what creates a moral society and one person's definition of morality is another person's definition of immorality
- people's ethics and morals are imposed by the culture in they live and hence, these can be quite different on different societies/cultures over time.
NO
- e.g China for 2 millennia is a moral place and their morality was based on Confucianism which was a secular non-religious doctrine which more or less followed the same moral code as the golden rule or what Jesus thought.
- religion is not necessary for the development of morals so people who choose to live a moral life can do it without God
- social and moral development is at its highest in countries that are the least religious. As religiosity increases, each country suffers from more and more conflicts with human rights, problems with tolerance of minorities and religious freedom, and problems with gender equality.
- even though religion binds people in a community together, when it comes to the philosophical approach you don't have the affect of different religions and everyone is included where as in a society with different religions division is created between the different communities.
56
what are ethics?
a set of moral principles
57
what does a utilitarian believe?
- the greatest happiness for the greatest number.’
- The more people who benefit from a particular action, the greater its good.
- Therefore, whether a decision is ethical is judged on its likely results/consequences.
58
what is meant by moral relativism?
- the idea that moral principles have no objective standard
- the view that there are no hard and fast rules on what is right and wrong, on which values are set and should be fought for
59
what is meant by absolutism?
that there is one truth
| holding of absolute principles in political, philosophical, or theological matters.
60
what is meant by Deontology?
this is an approach to ethics that focuses on the rightness or wrongness of actions themselves as apposed to the rightness or wrongness of the consequences of those actions
61
give an example where it shows that Deontology is different from moral relativism
- Immanuel Kant famously argued that it is always wrong to lie, even if a murderer is asking for the location of a potential victim.
- But others, such as W.D. Ross (1877 - 1971), hold that the consequences of an action such as lying may sometimes make lying the right thing to do (Moral Relativism).
62
give examples where animals have been used for human use
- As food (milked, hunted or farmed)
- To help us hunt
- To carry out useful work
- For communication
- To provide useful materials (fur, clothing, footwear)
- To act as companions or pets
- As sources of entertainment
- As surrogates for humans in -testing of food, cosmetic and medicine
- Scientifically to learn about he workings of living things
- To supply animal organs for transplantation
63
give examples of groups that campaign for the humane treatment of animals and what are their objectives?
- RSPCA
- PDSA
their objectives are to reduce pain and suffering caused to animals, both domestic and agricultural.
64
what is meant by a law?
-A rule or set of rules regulating the activities of members of a country or community and enforced through penalties; -something regarded as having binding force
65
what is meant by a civil liberty?
- Civil liberties are basic rights and freedoms granted to citizens of a country.
- They include freedom of speech, freedom of movement, freedom from arbitrary arrest, freedom of assembly, freedom of association and freedom of religious worship.
66
what is meant by civil law?
- civil law is a private law
| - It settles matters between two individuals and organisations., normally to determine responsibility and damages.
67
what is meant by criminal law?
- Criminal law considers crimes committed against the crown.
- Government identifies and criminalises behaviour that is considered wrong, damaging to individuals through criminal law.
- (i.e. murder and theft)
68
Do you think this law infringes out civil liberties or is it necessary to protect us against national security threats, terrorism or other serious crime?
give arguments for and against
AGAINST law
- It is an intrusion to people's life
- if the government are concerned about individuals they can apply for a court order to get information on that individual
- reports from some of the world's leading computing experts argues that this will open doors through which criminals and malicious nation states can attack the very individuals law enforcement seek to defend
FOR law
- David Cameron: The Paris attacks demonstrated the scale of the threat and the fact we need robust powers to keep our people safe" so laws like this will makes sure terrorist don't have "safe space to communicate with each other"
- the government are not always listening to everyone's conversations, only when there is a reason to suspect something is wrong
69
what is meant by crime?
a serious offence against an individual or the state, punishable by law
70
what is meant by a summary offence? where are they dealt with?
crimes such as motoring offences or minor theft, are dealt with in a magistrate’s court. A magistrate's court has no jury.
71
what is meant by an indictable offence? where are they dealt with?
crimes such as fraud and forgery, criminal damage, theft, drug-related offences etc which are are more serious and carry heavier penalties so they are tried in crown courts before a jury
72
Stats questions
1. )how much does violent crime cost the UK economy a year?
2. ) The figure, which equates to ______per cent of the UK’s GDP, includes the cost of _______ ________, _______ and _________as well as a vast amount in lost productivity.
1. ) £124 billion a year
2. ) The figure, which equates to 7.7 per cent of the UK’s GDP, includes the cost of police investigations, courts and prison expenditure as well as a vast amount in lost productivity.
73
Which one of the following is true of a
magistrates’ court?
A..)magistrates can only impose fines
B.)there is no jury in a magistrates’ court
C.)magistrates deal only with motoring offences
D.) an appeal against a sentence can be dealt with in a magistrates’ court
D.) an appeal against a sentence can be dealt with in a magistrates’ court
74
```
Which of these is a summary offence?
A.)Driving without insurance
B.) Burglary
C.)Handling stolen goods
D.) Homicide
```
B.) Burglary
75
```
Which of these is a white collar crime?
A.)Bigamy
B.)Homicide
C.)Robbery
D.) Fraud
```
D.) Fraud
76
what are the key causes of crime?
- Physiological factors (e.g brain functionality)
- drugs and alcohol
- family breakdown or a history of abuse
- societal factors such as deprivation, low employment prospects, poor education
- peer group pressure
- mental illness
- moral panics, perhaps caused by the media
77
Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) carries out regular surveys for the Ministry of Justice.
what is meant by a 'dark figure'
a number of crimes that is not reported to the police
78
what is meant by parole?
-the temporary or permanent release of a prisoner before the expiry of a sentence, on the promise of good behaviour.
79
what is meant by rehabilitation?
- Punishment intended to reform a convict so they can lead a productive life free of crime
80
what is meant by probabtion?
-the release of an offended from detention, subject to a period of good behaviour under supervision
81
what is meant by restitution?
-payment by an offender to the victim for the harm caused by the offender's wrongful acts
82
give examples of countries that did not sign the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and why they did this
what was there solution?
- Saudi Arabia, where the King must comply with Shari’a and the Qur’an, did not sign the declaration, arguing that it violated Islamic law and criticised it for failing to take into consideration the cultural and religious context of non-Western countries.
- 45-member states of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) adopted the Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in Islam (CDHRI) on 5th August 1990 which, despite its claim to be a general guidance for member states of the OIC and complement the UDHR, undermines many of the rights the UDHR is supposed to guarantee.
83
for each statement value it and state whether its fact or myth:
1. )"Crime appears to be falling only because nobody bothers reporting them"
2. )"Crime appears to be falling only because the police fiddle the figures 2. Crime appears to be falling only because the police fiddle the figures"
3. )Crime appears to be falling only because politicians fiddle the figures
1.)"Crime appears to be falling only because nobody bothers reporting them":
ANS: myth -there are 2 distinct and separate ways of measuring crime e.g police recorded crime statistics, which (quite obviously) contain only offences that have been reported. OR the Crime Survey of England and Wales (formerly the British Crime Survey): a survey that asks 50,000 people about their experiences of crime irrespective of whether they have reported it to the police. Victim surveys are considered a far better guide to incidents of criminality rather than reports to the police.
2.)"Crime appears to be falling only because the police fiddle the figures 2. Crime appears to be falling only because the police fiddle the figures"
ANS: myth -In January 2014 the UK statistics Authority finally lost patience and stripped police recorded crime figures of their gold standard status as official statistics. However, the police have nothing to do with the CSEW, which in turn pays no heed to whether offences have been reported or not.
3.)Crime appears to be falling only because politicians fiddle the figures:
ANS: myth- After decades of cynicism about the independence and reliability of official statistics, an act of parliament in 2007 placed the ONS, which publishes crime statistics, under direct control of the UK Statistical Authority, which is a non-ministerial department. The civil servants in charge answer to parliament as a whole, not to the government of the day.
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for each statement value it and state whether its fact or myth:
4. )The CSEW statistics don’t reflect all types of crime
5. )The CSEW survey misses the people who are most at risk
6. )The CSEW does not record crimes against children and young people
-4.)The CSEW statistics don’t reflect all types of crime:
ANS: fact- The crime survey does not measure all sorts of crimes. These include crimes that do not have individual victims, such as drugs offences or distribution of obscene publications, and most significantly, perhaps, fraud and cybercrime. It is certainly possible that headlines about falling crime are concealing large increases in, for example, credit card fraud.
5.)The CSEW survey misses the people who are most at risk:
ANS: fact-The CSEW does not capture the experiences of anyone who lives in shared institutions such as hospitals, prisons, hostels, shelters or student halls, and so fails to record crimes against some of the most vulnerable people in society.
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6.)The CSEW does not record crimes against children and young people:
ANS: myth- Since 2010 the CSEW has included a module for young people aged 10-15. It has limited extent (it doesn’t ask about sexual victimisation, for example) but does reflect prevalent offences such as street assaults and robberies for phones or other gadgets. Last year these statistics also showed declines, from 810,000 incidents to 769,000.
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7. )Haven’t you seen the papers? It is murder and mayhem all the way
8. )Crime might be falling, but violence against women is worse than ever
9. )The era of austerity (difficult economic conditions created by the government) is creating
7.)Haven’t you seen the papers? It is murder and mayhem all the way
ANS: fact- Sadly, we live in a society that still has more than enough tragedy, cruelty and horror to fill any tabloid several times over. There were still enough homicides last year (2013) to report a new one every single day of the year, with spares. However, in 2003 there were more than 1,000.
8.)Crime might be falling, but violence against women is worse than ever:
ANS: myth- . Reported rapes leapt 29% in the latest figures, with more than 22,000 reported to police last year. However, according to both the ONS and the minister, Norman Baker, this rise is almost certainly explained by a greater willingness of victims to report incidents,
9.)The era of austerity (difficult economic conditions created by the government) is creating :
ANS: probs a fact- One of the few crimes where there appears to be a genuine rise is shoplifting, up 5% last year. It is hard to attribute this to anything other than economic crisis.
