unit 2: The individual in Society

Question 1

what is meant by nature (in nurture vs nature)? give examples

Answer 1

this is your genetic make up that determine different traits such as; Blood type, eye colour, hair colour/loss, gene based disease

Question 2

what is meant bu nurture (in nature vs nurture)? give examples

Answer 2

environmental factors that are the real origins of our behaviour
e.g Speaking a specific language, belonging to a specific church/religion, liking particular foods, playing particular sports

Question 3

what is meant by tabula rasa?

Answer 3

‘a clean slate’

an absence of preconceived ideas or predetermined goals

Question 4

what is meant by genetic determinism?

Answer 4

this is the mechanism by which genes, along with environmental conditions determine morphological (how things are put together) behavioural phenotypes

Question 5

what is meant by sociobiology?

Answer 5

the scientific study of the biological aspects of social behaviour in animals and humans

Question 6

what is meant by an individuals ‘life chances’?

Answer 6

these are the opportunities each person has to improve their quality of life (education, health, material reward)

Question 7

give examples of environmental factors that affect behaviour and life chances?

Answer 7

-families
fewer nuclear families and fewer men and women marry and live together
it is more expensive for one person to live alone than to share a household with others

-education
More people gain degrees but there are more graduates from affluent backgrounds.
Children from poorer backgrounds do less well at school.

-health/diet
In the poorest areas men and women are five times more likely to be identified as permanently sick
Depression, anxiety and stress are more prevalent among the most economically productive.

-gender/position of women
1 in 4 MPs or MEPs are female, 1 in 6 university professors are female, 1 in 10 judges or company directors are female and only 2 in 100 chief executives of large companies are female.
It is said that the pay and promotion of women are limited by a glass ceiling. This means it halts at a particular level owing to discrimination. This ceiling is described as glass because it is not visible i.e there are not written policies but unseen issues that cause the limitations.

-social exclusion (unemployment)
Unemployment, low pay, poor housing can exclude some communities from the mainstream of society. This can lead to young people who feel alienated and more inclined to join gangs.

-material reward/ income and wealth
According to the Office for National Statistics in 2015 the wealthiest 10% of households own 45% of the total wealth, while the bottom 50% were left to share just 9%.
2. Inequality of wealth in Britain has a clear regional dimension, the ONS data showed, with wealth heavily concentrated in London and the south-east

Question 8

what did psychologist Donald Hebb say about the importance of nature and nurture?

Answer 8

he sad that: “the idea thateithernatureornurture explains a creature’s behaviour is a sort ofsingle cause fallacy”

fallacy= mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound arguments

Question 9

what are the arguments for nature vs nurture?

Answer 9

nature:
- investigations focusing on twins have shown that twins that have been separated for almost a lifetime are found to like the same music, food and interests or behaviours
- if it was the environment mattered then any two children brought up under the same condition would turn out very similar, regardless of differences in genes yet studies from families, boarding schools and children’s homes have demonstrated that this doesn’t happen.
- Alternatively, such traits as the specific language we speak are entirely environmentally determined.

nature

• many biologists conclude that genes alone cannot determine a trait because genes cannot be taken in isolation. DNA engages in complex ways with messages from other genes and signals from the environment.
• But most diseases now strictly identified as genetic have an almost 100% link between having a special gene and the disease and a similar correlation for not having either (e.g. Huntington’s disease)

conclusions
•In cities such as Sheffield or Birmingham people in richer areas may have a life expectancy of ten or more years longer than those who live in poorer areas;
•Bright five and six year olds from poorer homes might be overtaken educationally by less able youngsters from richer homes within just 12 or 18 months of having started school.

Question 10

what did Sir William Beveridge do in the 1930s?

Answer 10

-implemented the welfare state after the war so that the life chance of the people of Britain were made better

Question 11

what are the 5 wants that William came up with? what was the biggest evil?

Answer 11

5 wants:

• want = too many people were living below the poverty line
• disease = many people suffered from poor health because they could not afford medical treatment
• ignorance = too many children left school at 14 without any qualifications and went into low paid jobs
• squalor = many people lived in overcrowded slums and there was a shortage of good houses
• idleness = unemployment was very high before the war and caused poverty

poverty was the biggest evil

Question 12

how did the welfare state tackle the 5 wants/giants

Answer 12

-want
1945 Family Allowance Act: was passed a week for each child after the first. The benefits were not as generous as Beveridge had proposed and payments were delayed for a year.
1946: This act covered all people for sickness and unemployment It also allowed for Old Age Pensions, widows and orphans pension and maternity and death grants

-disease
1948 National Health Service Act: Aneurin Bevan brought in the NHS on 5 July 1948. Doctors, hospital, dentists, opticians, ambulances, midwives and health visitors were available, free to everybody.
opposition: may doctors wanted to treat patients privately and did not want to become employees of the doctor
The BMA organised a fierce campaign of resistance against Bevan.

-ignorance
1944: free education for all
The leaving age was raised to 15.
Separate schools were introduced for nursery, primary and secondary education.

-squalor
New Towns Act 1946: solved problems of overcrowding by relocating people to New Towns
Housing Act 1949:
Local Authorities were allowed to buy homes for improvement or conversions. 75% of the costs were paid by the national government. Additionally, private home owners could be given 50% home improvement grants.

-idleness
The Labour Party’s answer to avoiding high unemployment was to nationalise certain industries. (transfer from private to state ownership) e.g the bank of England, National Coal Board, Railways, Iron and Steel etc.

Question 13

what were the positives and negatives of the Welfare state?

Answer 13

Positives
-the reforms rescued many families from poverty
-it was estimated that in 1950 2.8% of the population were below the poverty line when it could have been 22.2% without the welfare benefits
-For those who passed the 11 plus the system worked well. For those who didn’t they were stuck in a life of low expectation, an inferior education and likely low pay.
This system benefitted the middle classes who had previously had to pay for secondary education.
-Maternity care and child welfare services led to big improvements in children’s health and life expectancy increased
-Conditions in many work places improved, especially health and safety due to government management

Negatives

• many doctors did not want to become employees of the government and wanted to treat patients privately
• A survey of GPs showed that 64% were against the NHS as they wanted the freedom to treat patients privately.
• The BMA organised a fierce campaign of resistance against Bevan.
• The plan to pay for the NHS from National Insurance contributions did not work and 90% of the cost had to be paid for from ordinary taxes.
• Hospitals were old and not suitable for modern health care, financial pressures meant old hospitals were not replaced until the 1960s.
• Due to huge demand quantity rather than quality became a priority.
• Many industries were badly run and cost the government - and therefore taxpayers - money

Question 14

what is meant when it said that the NHS was comprehensive?

Answer 14

The NHS would treat all medical conditions. Doctors, dentists, opticians and hospital treatments would all form part of the service

Question 15

what are the arguments for two types of views:
View 1- the welfare state was an overall success
View 2- the welfare state was an overall failure

Answer 15

View 1- the welfare state was an overall success

• Although poverty was not eliminated it was reduced.
• A system of universal social insurance provided a welfare state.
• A safety net was introduced to ensure basic provision for all.

View 2- the welfare state was an overall failure

• It has led to dependency on the state culture.
• Cost is a major factor, especially in relation to the NHS which faces rising costs and demand every year.
• It failed to address housing and education needs fully.

Question 16

discuss human rights

Answer 16

50 years after the creation of the welfare state most people now see welfare as part of their ‘rights’.

Human rights include the individual’s right to life, privacy and family life, health, freedom of expression and religion, education, own property, not to be tortured or given degrading punishment.

Disputes over human rights are resolved in

• UK courts, following the Human Rghts Act of 1998
• The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR, established by the Council of Europe – not part of the EU – in 1950)
• The European Court of Justice which decides matters of EU Law.

Question 17

how has commuting affected society?

Answer 17

• caused changes in traditional industries i.e the move from farming to service industry
• cause growth in education which meant that people had to travel to find suitable jobs to match their qualifications
• increase in car ownership and development of motorways which increased commuting even more
• increase in dormitory towns: towns were people lived but travelled to work elsewhere

Question 18

how has tech and communications affected society?

Answer 18

• Radio, TV the internet, landlines and them mobile phones, mobile devices, GPS have all given people greater freedoms and more choice with the introduction of on-line purchasing and selling.
• on-line shopping has lead to a decline of high street shops
• increase in car ownership has leading to pollution

Question 19

how has immigration affected society?

Answer 19

• The notion of a multi-cultural society is now being questioned as some young people are radicalised and a greater awareness of the adoption of British culture is being promoted.
• Large employers often recruit abroad for shortage skills eg doctors or for people willing to take on manual jobs such as care workers
• Birth rates amongst immigrants are reversing the year on year trend of the birth rate falling. Some areas of the UK with high proportions of immigrants are short of school places.

Question 20

what is meant by culture?

Answer 20

The distinctive way of life conducted by an entire community or society

including codes of manners, dress, language, religion, rituals, norms of behaviour concerning law and morality, and systems of belief

Question 21

What did Jeremy Paxman say about English culture?

Answer 21

-He talked about how English people incorporate many things from other places in the world into their everyday lives e.g eating Chinese, Italian or American food, dance to international beats and play computer games designed in Japan

Question 22

what are some examples of changes in perspectives and values in society?

Answer 22

• Fewer people living in a nuclear family (mum, dad and two children)
• Decline of the ‘job for life’
• Plural society with some cities (e.g. Leicester and Birmingham) where no ethnic group will be in a majority – including White British
• More gender equality
• More secular society
• Regional differences (North – South divide)
• Ageing population

Question 23

state the ten core values of the british Identity

Answer 23

1.) The rule of law. Our society is based on the idea that we all abide by the same rules, whatever our wealth or status. No one is above the law - not even the government.
2.). The sovereignty of the Crown in Parliament. The Lords, the Commons and the monarch constitute the supreme authority in the land. There is no appeal to any higher jurisdiction, spiritual or temporal.
3.) The pluralist state. Equality before the law implies that no one should be treated differently on the basis of belonging to a particular group. Conversely, all parties, sects, faiths and ideologies must tolerate the existence of their rivals.
4.) Personal freedom. There should be a presumption, always and everywhere, against state coercion (intimidating or compelling an individual to act against their will). We should tolerate eccentricity in others, almost to the point of lunacy, provided no one else is harmed.
5.) Private property. Freedom must include the freedom to buy and sell without fear of confiscation, to transfer ownership, to sign contracts and have them enforced.
6. ) Institutions. British freedom and British character exist in British institutions. Institutions are created from free individuals who regulate each other’s conduct, and provide for their needs, without recourse (without compensation or payment) to coercion.
7.) The family. Civic society depends on values being passed from generation to generation. Stable families are the essential ingredient of a stable society.
8.) History. British children inherit a political culture, a set of specific legal rights and obligations, and a stupendous series of national achievements. They should be taught about these things.
9.) The English-speaking world. The atrocities of September 11, 2001, were not simply an attack on a foreign nation; they were an attack on the Anglosphere (countries where English is the native lang) - on all of us who believe in freedom, justice and the rule of law.
10.) The British character. Has been seen as; stubborn, stoical, indignant at injustice. “The Saxon,” wrote Kipling, “never means anything seriously till he talks about justice and right.”
Not for the first time, we have been slow - perhaps too slow - to wake up to the threat we face. Now is the time to “talk about justice and right”, and to act on our words.

Question 24

In the job sector what is meant by ‘seasonal’?

Answer 24

this is where there is regular seasonal changes in employment/labour demand
e.g tourism, retail, agriculture and construction sectors

Question 25

In the job sector what is meant by 'structural'?

Answer 25

this arises from the mismatch of skills and job opportunities as the pattern of labour demand changes- linked to our labour immobility

Question 26

In the job sector what is meant by 'frictional'?

Answer 26

this is the transitional unemployment due to people moving between jobs e.g new entrants to the labour market

Question 27

In the job sector what is meant by cyclical?

Answer 27

this is caused by a fall or persistent weakness of aggregate (total demand for final goods and services in an economy at given time) leading to a decline in GDP and jobs

Question 28

what is meant by socialisation?

Answer 28

this is the process by which we learn the behaviour, values and attitudes considered appropriated in the culture and society in which we live It is through socialisation that we gain a sense of identity and, hence, learn the roles we need to fulfil within our community. In exercising these roles, we build up a self-image of our proper place in society.

Question 29

what is meant by primary socialisation?

Answer 29

Primary socialisation is when people learn attitudes, values and actions that are appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. It largely occurs in the family in the early years of childhood.

Question 30

what is secondary socialisation?

Answer 30

This typically occurs later, when the family is less central than the influence of school or work or leisure. . The learning of appropriate behaviour is undertaken at school or via peer groups. pupils who relate badly to school or who fail to attend regularly may have a narrow distorted view of society, and this may contribute to anti-social behaviour.

Question 31

stats on living in the UK

Answer 31

from 1973 to 2013 there has been 70% drop in the number of adults that live alone

Question 32

what is meat by mass media?

Answer 32

Mass media is communication—whether written, broadcast, or spoken—that reaches a large audience. This includes television, radio, advertising, movies, the Internet, newspapers, magazines, and so forth

Question 33

in what ways can the media shape the way we think?

Answer 33

- The selection of news stories that are not reported - The amount of time given to each news story - The way in which the story is presented - The language or images which are used to support the story

Question 34

what is meant by a 'quality' (broadsheet) newspaper? | give examples

Answer 34

``` these are newspapers that tend to include most important national and world news items but they tend to be politically biased. e.g -The TIMES and SUNDAY TIMES -The INDEPENDENT -The HERALD The DAILY MAIL -The FINANCIAL TIMES The GUARDIAN -TODAY -The ECONOMIST ```

Question 35

what is meant by a 'popular' (tabloid0 newspaper? give examples

Answer 35

newpapers that include large photos, sports news, letters to the editor, pages of advertisement e. g - The SUN - The MIRROR - The Daily Express - The Daily Star

Question 36

what are left wing party's beliefs and aims? | give examples

Answer 36

left wing parties - are usually progressive in nature - they look to the future, aim to support those who cannot support themselves - are idealist and believe in equality - People who are left wing believe in taxation to redistribute opportunity and wealth e. g Labour Party and the Green Party

Question 37

what are the right wing party's beliefs and aims? | give examples

Answer 37

- They believe that if you have more money, you should get to keep it, and buy better education and health services for yourself. - They believe that businesses should be less regulated, and that the more money they earn, they’ll bring more benefits to the country. e. g Conservatives, UKIP

Question 38

what is meant by 'moral panics'?

Answer 38

an instance of public anxiety or alarm in response to a problem REGARDED AS threatening the moral standards of society

Question 39

what is meant by 'folk devils'?

Answer 39

a person or thing held to be a bad influence on society

Question 40

in what ways is the media controlled?

Answer 40

The press is not restricted by law. -PCC (Press Complaints Comission); they deal with complaints from the public about newspaper and magazine content. -OFCOM; controls broadcasting and other telecommunciation are controlled by Ofcom. -BBC Charter and ITV Television Acts; They impose the duty of impartiality on the broadcast media. The BBC is a public services broadcaster and should be free from bias. -Press Code (for Newspaper); these are voluntary arrangement that sets out basic rules such as: Offering a right of reply if something is unaccurate Not using clandestine devices (hidden cameras/phone tapping) to gain information (News of the world were guilty of this) Restricted reporting of children (under 16) Avoiding predudicial references to colour or sexual orientation.

Question 41

what is censorship?

Answer 41

Censorship is the suppression, alteration or deletion of material which may be considered objectionable, harmful or sensitive.

Question 42

what is meant by authoritarian censorship?

Answer 42

-When positions of power are used to limit access to information. Everyday examples of authoritarian censors are teachers and parents who use their positions to decide what individuals under their care see or read.

Question 43

what is meant by self censorship?

Answer 43

is when individuals decide for themselves the information they receive (e.g. When you switch off the television/stop reading something).

Question 44

what are the arguments for and against censorship of the media?

Answer 44

FOR - censorship is needed to protect the security between the UK Government departments which have responsibilities for national security and the media). - censorship prevents an enemy from learning information that might harm the war effort. - censorship protects children from being exposed to violence/sexually explicit content. - protects people from misinformation. - protects individuals privacy. AGAINST - People need accurate information to make informed choices. - Censorship is infringement of individual liberty. - Adults ought to decide for themselves if they want media censored or not - Freedom of speech is a fundamental right. - No one has the right to decide what other people should see or read. - Access to the internet may be making censorship ineffective anyway.

Question 45

what is the limited-effects theory? what are the problems with this theory?

Answer 45

The limited‐effects theory argues that because people generally choose what to watch or read based on what they already believe, media exerts a negligible influence. Probs: - the limited‐effects theory ignores the media's role in framing and limiting the discussion and debate of issues so how media frames the debate and what questions members of the media ask change the outcome of the discussion and the conclusions people may draw - this theory came into existence when the availability and dominance of media was far less widespread.

Question 46

what is the class dominant theory?

Answer 46

The class‐dominant theory argues that the media reflects and projects the view of a minority elite, which controls it -the concern related with this is that when ownership is restricted, a few people then have the ability to manipulate what people can see or hear. For example, owners can easily avoid or silence stories that expose unethical corporate behaviour or hold corporations responsible for their actions.

Question 47

what is the Culturalist theory?

Answer 47

combines the other two theories and claims that people interact with media to create their own meanings out of the images and messages they receive. This theory sees audiences as playing an active rather than passive role in relation to mass media. -DA (Defence Advisory); notices give guidance about what should and shouldn’t be published in terms of national security. - Both groups of researchers find that when people approach material, whether written text or media images and messages, they interpret that material based on their own knowledge and experience. - Thus, when researchers ask different groups to explain the meaning of a particular song or video, the groups produce widely divergent interpretations based on age, gender, race, ethnicity, and religious background. -Therefore, culturalist theorists claim that, while a few elite in large corporations may exert significant control over what information media produces and distributes, personal perspective plays a more powerful role in how the audience members interpret those messages.

Question 48

what is meant by defamation?

Answer 48

Anything that damages a person’s reputation in the eyes of society.

Question 49

what is libel?

Answer 49

Publishing a false statement that damages a person’s reputation (written defamation).

Question 50

what is slander?

Answer 50

Making a false verbal statement that damages a person’s reputation (verbal defamation).

Question 51

give examples of laws designed to protect the rights of individuals and restrict media freedom to publish what they choose

Answer 51

- The Official Secrets Act 1989 forbids publication of secrets harmful to the state. - The Human Rights Acts 1998 and 2000 protect privacy against human intrusion. - The Blasphemy Act 1697 bans offences against religion. - The Obscene Publications Acts 1959 and 1964 define obscenity and can be used to censor potentially offensive material.

Question 52

what is the 'watershed'

Answer 52

this is another voluntary control. Broadcasters agree that ‘adult content’ will not be shown before 9pm when, it is assumed, impressionable children will be in bed.

Question 53

what is meant by 'the arts'?

Answer 53

``` It can be interpreted in a variety of different ways and applied to a range of subjects and disciplines (a body of knowledge) dealing with human creativity and social life. e.g Art (painting, sculpture, printmaking) Architecture Film Music Dance Literature (plays, novels, poetry) Drama (theatre) ```

Question 54

Background of Renaissance Art

Answer 54

- The 14th century was a time of great crisis; the plague, the Hundred Years war, and the turmoil in the Catholic Church all shook people’s faith in government, religion, and their fellow man. In this dark period Europeans sought a new start, a cultural rebirth, a renaissance. - Renaissance began in Italy Italians rediscovered the writings, philosophy, art, and architecture of the ancient Greeks and Romans which held the answers to reinvigorating their society. - They believed that people were able to experience God directly and should have a personal, emotional relationship to their faith. These new cultural movements gave inspiration to artists

Question 55

artistic features of Renaissance Art

Answer 55

-Perspective; 3D depth and space greatly expanding on the ideas of linear perspective, horizon line and vanishing point -Shadows and Light; shadows and light could be used to draw the viewer’s eye to a particular point in the painting. -Emotion; Renaissance artists wanted the viewer to feel something while looking at their work, to have an emotional experience from it. -Realism and Naturalism; artists sought to make objects, especially people, look more realistic.

Question 56

give some examples of Renaissance pieces

Answer 56

-Madonna del Cardellino, by Raphael, 1506; compared to the Madonna and Child on a Curved Throne from the 1200s Mary has become much more realistically human. Jesus and John the Baptist look like real babies, not miniature adults. Shadows have been used and there is a sense of perspective. -Michelangelo's The creation of Adam; shows the way man can experience God directly with Adam and God making contact

Question 57

Background to Baroque Period

Answer 57

- The Baroque Period took place around the 1600s - 1700s - in 1517 Martin Luther started the protestant reformation where he critised the the Catholic church - the Catholic church responded by launching its own internal reformation where its most important expression was in the Council of Trent. - Part of the Church's reform effect was to educate the members of church (everyone, not just the educated). They did this in art form that was direct, emotionally persusive and powerful-designed to fire the spiritual imagination. - Some thought that the Catholic church should be made simple and stripped down to simple affairs but the Council argued that a God of greatness and power should be worshiped with the kinds of rituals, ceremonies, and churches befitting these divine qualities. This affirmation of the beauty and grandiosity of expressions of faith found its way into Baroque art.

Question 58

what are some features in Baroque Art?

Answer 58

* Images are direct, obvious, and dramatic. * Tries to draw the viewer in to participate in the scene. * Depictions feel physically and psychologically real. Emotionally intense. * Extravagant settings and ornamentation. * Dramatic use of color. and Dramatic contrasts between light and dark, light and shadow. * Baroque art has continuous overlapping of figures and elements. * Common themes: grandiose visions, ecstasies and conversions, martyrdom and death, intense light, intense psychological moments.

Question 59

what are some examples of Baroque Art?

Answer 59

- The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, by Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini, 1652: St. Teresa was a mystic nun who recorded an experience in which an angel came down and pierced her innards with the flaming arrow of divine love. The pain was great yet sweet and brought her into ecstasy with God. - Descent from the Cross, by Rembrandt, 1634; In this piece you see see the Baroque signature of an emotional scene heightened by the dramatic use of light and shadow. The light shines on Christ’s body, the faithful women who stood by him, and the shroud in which he will return to life. - The Four Continents, by Peter Paul Rubens, 1615; In The Four Continents you can see the Baroque characteristics of vivid color, physicality, and overlapping figures. Symbolizing the spread of the Catholic Church all around the world, the depiction of the four continents as women was a common theme in Counter-Reformation art

Question 60

what is the difference between Renaissance and Baroque Art?

Answer 60

- Renaissance art has its clearly defined planes, with each figure placed in isolation from each other, - Baroque art has continuous overlapping of figures and elements.

Question 61

Background on Romantic Art

Answer 61

- The Romantic Period took place from 1760- 1860 - around this time the Industrial Revolution got into swing starting in England and spreading to France and America. - Areas became more urbanised with factories opening where there was little to no regulations in place. So Men, women and children worked 14 hour shifts where they could go weeks without seeing the light of day. - Romantics looked back on the past longingly, seeing it as a romantic period before people were commodified and nature blighted and destroyed. - Nature was especially celebrated as a classroom for self-discovery and spiritual learning, the place in which mysteries could be revealed to the mind of man. Romantics emphasized a life filled with deep feeling, spirituality, and free expression, seeing such virtues as a bulwark against the dehumanizing effects of industrialization - Romantic artists hoped to inspire an emotional response in those who viewed their art; but instead of seeking to inspire faith as their predecessors had, most sought to evoke a nostalgic yearning for rural, pastoral life

Question 62

features of Romantic Art

Answer 62

- neoclassical styles (the revival of a classical style or treatment in art) - wildness and power of nature to show how God's presence was embodied in nature and evidence of his existence - dramatic scenes - scenes to show the infinite potential of man - natural depictions of nature - muted colours - gave the chance for those who didn't have the means of travelling to view paintings of landscapes to feel like they had been transported to a new place

Question 63

examples of Romantic Art

Answer 63

- Heart of the Andes, Frederic Edwin Church, 1859; Church traveled outside the country to paint the landscapes of South Americ, Church painted this scene on a huge canvas, nearly five feet high and ten feet long, it was bordered by curtains to give the feel of looking out a window, and viewers were given opera glasses so that they might get a closer look at the painting’s details. . - Abbey in an Oak Forest, by Caspar David Friedrich, 1810; This painting depicts the ruins of an abbey church which has become a graveyard. Like in Turner’s abbey piece, nature has reclaimed man’s handiwork. Friedrich loved to depict scenes in wintertime; the stark leafless trees and gray pall evoked that sense of melancholy, yearning, and mystery that Romantics so prized. - Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog, by Caspar David Friedrich, 1818; Here the The man has climbed high and conquered much, only to see that there are infinite vistas still out there, shrouded in a fog that hides what lies beyond. Showing thr infinite potential of man. - Fishermen at Sea, by JMW Turner, 1794; Turner was particularly fascinated with the power of the ocean and said that he had once asked to be lashed to the mast of a ship in order to “experience the drama” of a mighty storm at sea.

Question 64

Examples of Art that reflected society at the time or aimed to challenge society

Answer 64

ART THAT CHALLENGED SOCIETY; (Art that challenged society tried to show that humans were capable of greater way of life rather than being subjected to turmoil and crisis) Renaissance Art; The 14th century was a time of great crisis; the plague, the Hundred Years war, and the turmoil in the Catholic Church that shook people’s faith in government, religion, and their fellow man. Renaissance Art challenged this dark period in society by showing that people were able to experience God directly and should have a personal, emotional relationship to their faith. E.g Michelangelo’s Creation of Adam. And compared to earlier art (from the Byzantine Period) Renaissance showed the world that art could later help to show the features of an object, such as 3D design and perspective. E.g Madonna del Cardellino (renaissance) compared to Madonna and child on a curved throne Romantic Art; 1700s – 1800s. Around this time the industrial revolution was taking place. This is where areas were becoming increasing urbanised with people working in factories where there little to no regulations of working hours and wages. Romantic Art challenged society here because they looked back at neoclassical styles that expressed the importance of nature and rural life and how as human beings we had infinite potential. ART THAT REFLECTED/ INFLUENCED SOCIETY; Baroque art; 1600s- 1700s. With the growing criticism from the Protestants the catholic church decided to have a reformation. Some people thought that in this reformation the church should be made simples and stripped down to simple affairs. The church argued that Council argued that a God of greatness and power should be worshiped with the kinds of rituals, ceremonies, and churches befitting these divine qualities. This affirmation of the beauty and grandiosity of expressions of faith found its way into Baroque art Modern Art; Tracey Emin’s ‘My Bed’ shows the chaos of her life ( a time capsule of her past) that people could relate to as it was a more realistic and illustrative of people’s life. Banksy’s work repeatedly hits the headlines. The mural (right) depicts a boy hunched over a sewing machine making union jack bunting, appeared on the side of a Poundland store in May 2012. It’s aim seems to be to highlight child labour in developing countries.

Question 65

what is meant by innovative?

Answer 65

featuring new methods; advanced and original. "innovative designs" introducing new ideas; original and creative in thinking.

Question 66

what is meant by the term 'democracy'?

Answer 66

-a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.

Question 67

what is the 'first past the post system' in UK elections?

Answer 67

-First Past the Post is the electoral system used to elect the UK parliament. Under First Past the Post voting takes place in constituencies that elect a single MP each. Voters put a cross on a ballot paper next to their favoured candidate and the candidate with the most votes in the constituency wins.

Question 68

what is a referendum?

Answer 68

- a general vote by the electorate on a single political question which has been referred to them for a direct decision.

Question 69

Who is the current leader of the conservative party, what are their key values/policies and what is their main source of funding?

Answer 69

Current Leader: David Cameron Values/Policies: - They believe that if you have more money, you should get to keep it, and buy better education and health services for yourself. - They believe that businesses should be less regulated, and that the more money they earn, they’ll bring more benefits to the country. ``` Funding: mainly donations (£14.6m in 2012) ```

Question 70

Who is the current leader of the Labour Party, what are their key values/policies and what is their main source of funding?

Answer 70

Current Leader: Jeremy Corbyn Values/Policies: - social justice - strong community and strong values - reward for hard work - decency - rights matched by responsibilities Funding: mainly trade unions

Question 71

Who is the current leader of the Liberal Democrats, what are their key values/policies and what is their main source of funding?

Answer 71

Current Leader: Tim Farron Values/ Policies: exist to build and safeguard a fair, free and open society, in which we seek to balance the fundamental values of liberty, equality and community, and in which no one shall be enslaved by poverty, ignorance or conformity. Funding: a range of donations and conference incomes

Question 72

Who is the current leader of the UK Independence party, what are their key values/policies and what is their main source of funding?

Answer 72

Current Leader: Nigel Farage Values/Policies: - believes in low taxation, enterprise and fairness - believes immigration is far too high and it puts pressure on housing and public services - committed to keeping the NHS free and meeting the needs of elderly Funding: donations from large business tycoons

Question 73

Who is the current leader of the Green Party, what are their key values/policies and what is their main source of funding?

Answer 73

Current Leader: Natalie Bennett Values/Policies : - ecological sustainability by regenerating areas made waste and take steps to avoid further ecological disaster - equity and social justice where there is an equitable distribution of resources, wealth, opportunity and power. - self reliance with interdependence; liberate and empower all sections of society to meet their needs as far as possible from their own resources through activities which are socially enhancing Funding: mainly donations

Question 74

what is meant by partisan alignment?

Answer 74

this is where the same social groups vote for the same party time after time

Question 75

what is meant by partisan dealignment?

Answer 75

this is where solid supporters of a particular party no longer vote for that party's candidates automatically

Question 76

what is meant by voting behaviour?

Answer 76

the way in which people tend to vote

Question 77

give examples of factors that influence voting

Answer 77

-social class; in the 1940s to 1960s it used to be that the upper and lower working class used to vote for the Labour party. But the 1970s saw a decline in the number of people voting according to their natural class; this is referred to as class dealignment. This could have been due to electorate becoming better educated through more access to the media and a decrease in class size (1970s number of manual workers fell by 17% ) -geography There is a consistent north/ south divide in voting behaviour in the UK. The north (Wales is also strongly Labour) tends to favour Labour and the south favours the Conservative Party. This pattern may be linked to the industrial past of the UK when heavy industry and links to trade unions were concentrated in Central Scotland, the North of England and Wales. -age and background Those under 35 tend to vote Labour and the Conservative vote increases with age. This may be because Labour was traditionally seen to be the idealistic party vote, looking for a more egalitarian society. There is also a link between ethnicity and voting behaviour. The Labour party has tended to benefit from the ethnic minority vote, especially the Afro-Caribbean vote. This may be because, in the past, Labour policies have seemed more sympathetic towards ethnic minorities. - issue voting (when voters cast their vote in elections based on political issues) - media

Question 78

how many constituencies is the UK split into?

Answer 78

650 | *the people in each constituency get to vote for their MP, therefore we have 650 MPS in total

Question 79

what is proportional representation? what are the arguments for and against this style of voting?

Answer 79

an electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them. FOR: - would five minority parties and independent candidates a better chance of ending the dominance of out three leading parties, which would introduce different voices to the national political life - current system is unrepresentative, it gives all the power to one party, however small its majority might be - there would be a higher turnout at the polls under PR, as the electorate would come to realise that their votes are really counted - in the UK we use PR for the European Parliament elections, and for London mayoral elections so we have no reason to fear the system AGAINST: - PR allows extremist parties to gain a foothold in national life. This happened in Austria where Jorg Haider's far-right freedom party formed a coalition in 2000 - the coalition government that PR tends to produce are often weak and indecisive. Italy which had such a system had to dissolve its parliament several times in the last 40 years - Compromise is not always ideal. Neither the trade union reforms which thatcher pushed through nor Tony Blair's improvements of public service, could have been carried through without a strong governing majority - one of the strengths of FPTP is that the MPs serve the constituency they campaign in. This makes them more inclined to tackle important local issues

Question 80

what is alternative voting? what are the pros and cons of this type of voting?

Answer 80

this is a preferential system where the voter ranks the candidates in order of preference. PROS: - Voters are less likely to feel that their vote has been wasted as they can give their second, third, etc… choice. - MPs have to work much harder to convince all voters why they should give them a higher preference on their ballot sheet including those that they know are unlikely to vote for them. - Voters are more likely to vote for smaller parties that they really believe in, giving smaller parties a genuine chance to get a seat in Parliament. CONS: More complicated to understand then the first-past-the-post-system. -Takes longer to work out who the winner is, this can cost more money. -Because voters are asked to write their preferences instead of just ticking a box they are more likely to make mistakes on their voiting slip. If a mistake has been made it is not included in the vote count resulting in many spoiled votes. -Ignorance of how the system works could unwittingly make the voter choose a candidate they do not want to support.