Unit 1 - Chapter 2

Question 1

Atom

Answer 1

The basic unit of chemical element

Question 2

Element

Answer 2

A pure substance that cannot be simplified or broken down further

Question 3

Protons

Answer 3

1amu
(+1)
Located in the nucleus

Question 4

Neutrons

Answer 4

1.008amu
Neutral
Located in the nucleus

Question 5

Electron

Answer 5

0.0005486amu
(-1)
Orbitals (outside nucleus)

Question 6

Isotopes

Answer 6

Varieties of elements that differ only in the number of neutrons.

Question 7

Atomic Number

Answer 7

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Question 8

Atomic Mass

Answer 8

The mass of an atom – approx. equal to the number of protons & neutrons

Question 9

How is the Periodic Table Organized

Answer 9

Rows (Periods)
Columns (Groups)
Arranged in order of increasing atomic number.

Question 10

Atom Stability

Answer 10

Atom Stability – balanced state where the forces in the nucleus are evenly distributed (*Primarily protons and neutrons)

Question 11

Octet Rule

Answer 11

tendency of atoms to have 8 electrons in the valence shell (preferred)

Question 12

Molecular Formula

Answer 12

The number of atoms of each element present in one molecule of a specific compound

Question 13

Structural Formula

Answer 13

graphic representation of a specific molecular structure

Question 14

Covalent Bonds

Answer 14

Bonds between atoms that share electrons

Question 15

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Answer 15

electrons shared equally

Question 16

Polar Covalent Bonds

Answer 16

electrons shared unequally

Question 17

Properties of water - polarity

Answer 17

Uneven distribution of electrical charge within a water molecule

Question 18

Properties of water - hydrogen bonding

Answer 18

electrostatic attraction between slightly positive hydrogen atoms of a water molecule and the slightly negative oxygen atom of a closely neighboring water molecule. Creates weak intermolecular force that holds water molecules together.

Question 19

Properties of water - solvency

Answer 19

Ability to dissolve polar or ionic substances.

Question 20

Solute

Answer 20

a dissolved substance (smaller amounts than solvent)

Question 21

Solvent

Answer 21

substance with the ability to dissolve other substances (forms a solution)

Question 22

Solution

Answer 22

particles of matter (solutes) mixed with more abundant substances (solvent)

Question 23

Define the ionization of water

Answer 23

Chemical reaction that occurs when water molecules donate protons to one another forming hydronium and hydroxide ions.

Question 24

pH

Answer 24

(potential of hydrogen) measure derived from the mobility of H+
1) 7.0 is neutral.
2) Less than 7 is an acidic solution.
3) Greater than 7 is a basic solution.

Question 25

Acid

Answer 25

substance that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water (Proton donor)

Question 26

Base

Answer 26

substance that can accept hydrogen ions (protons) in a solution (proton acceptor)

Question 27

Buffer

Answer 27

chemical system in the body that helps maintain stable pH. Neutralizes hydrogen and hydroxide ions

Question 28

Inorganic Compound

Answer 28

Substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen

Question 29

Organic Compound

Answer 29

Chemical compound that contains Carbon/Carbon or Carbon/Hydrogen bond

Question 30

Hydroxyl

Answer 30

(-OH)

Question 31

Methyl

Answer 31

(-CH3)

Question 32

Amino

Answer 32

(-NH2)

Question 33

Carboxyl

Answer 33

(-COOH)

Question 34

Phosphate

Answer 34

(-H2PO4)

Question 35

List the three major monosaccharides

Answer 35

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Question 36

List the three major disaccharides and the monosaccharides that make them

Answer 36

-Sucrose – Glucose & Fructose -Lactose – Glucose & Galactose -Maltose – Glucose (2)

Question 37

Define a Polysaccharides and give two

Answer 37

Carbohydrate whose molecules consist of a number sugar molecules bonded together. i.e starch, cellulose

Question 38

Define saturated fatty acid

Answer 38

Chains of 4-24 carbon atoms with carboxyl group on one end and methyl group on the other

Question 39

Define unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 39

Contain some double bonds between carbons in chain

Question 40

List the molecules that make up the triglyceride

Answer 40

Glycerol & 3 Fatty acids

Question 41

List the molecules that make up the phospholipid. Where do you find phospholipids?

Answer 41

Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group and alcohol Phospholipids are found in the cell membranes of all living things

Question 42

Distinguish between the polar and nonpolar ends of a phospholipid and the solubility differences.

Answer 42

Polar has a “head” that readily interacts with water (Hydrophilic) – Are partially water soluble Nonpolar has a “tail” that made of fatty acid chains that avoid water (Hydrophobic) – Are not water soluble

Question 43

Define steroids and list two common steroids

Answer 43

Cortisol & Cholesterol

Question 44

Amino Acid

Answer 44

Central carbon with 3 attachments

Question 45

Peptide Bond

Answer 45

Joins amino group of 1 amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next

Question 46

Describe the importance of structure in proteins.

Answer 46

It directly determines its function – how it interacts with the body

Question 47

Denaturation

Answer 47

Extreme conformational change that destroys function. i.e. extreme heat or pH

Question 48

Primary Protein Structure

Answer 48

1 Amino chain Covalent and Peptide bonds Linear Chair Non-Functional

Question 49

Secondary Protein Structure

Answer 49

1 Amino Chain Hydrogen bonds Coiled/folded Non-Functional

Question 50

Tertiary Protein Structure

Answer 50

1 Amino Chain Disulfide, hydrogen, ionic bonds Globular, Fibrous Functional

Question 51

Quaternary Protein Structure

Answer 51

2+ Amino Chains Hydrogen bonds Tetrahedrally Shape Non-Functional