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Microbiology > Unit 1: Chapter 5 Cell Biology of Bacteria and Eukaryotes (Bacteria ONLY) > Flashcards

Unit 1: Chapter 5 Cell Biology of Bacteria and Eukaryotes (Bacteria ONLY) Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryote: Cell Traits

A
  • Small cell size
  • DNA organized in nucleotide throughout the cytoplasm
  • Small gemome
  • Circular chromosomes (usually), although may have multiple circualr and linear chromosomes
  • Few intraceullar membranes
  • No intraceullar endosymbiosis organelles
  • Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan
  • Rotray flagella for mortality, driven by proton motive force
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2
Q

Prokaryotes are cells of

A

Bacteria and archaea

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3
Q

Eukartoytes: Cell Traits

A
  • Wide range of cell size, from very small to very large
  • DNA contained in nucleus, enclosed by nuclear membrane
  • Wide range of genome size, including very large
  • Linear chromosomes (in nucleus); mitochondria (derived from bacteria) have one circular chromosome
  • Chromosomes segregate by mitosis and meiosis, after replications during interphase
  • Many types of intraceullar membranous organelles (such as endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, and lysosomes)
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasets are organelles that evolved from endosymbitoic barteria
  • Cell walls of plants and fungi composed of various carbohydrates (such as cellulose or chitin), but NEVER peptidoglycan
  • Whipelike flagella for mortality, with microtubule contraction driven by ATP
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4
Q

Eukaryotes are cells of

A

Plants, animals, fungi, and protozoa

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5
Q

What are most bacterial cell walls composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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6
Q

What is monophonic bacteria?

A

Bacteria that does not change shape

The presence of a cell wall helps maintain shape of the cell

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7
Q

Most bacteria are __________

A

Monomorphic

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8
Q

What is pleomorphic bacteria?

A

Bacteria that can alter their shape

Very few bacteria that can do this, and they tend to be those without a cell wall.

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9
Q

Coccus Bacteria

A

Round in shape

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10
Q

Arrangements of Cocci

A
  1. Diplococci (two)
  2. Streptococci (chain)
  3. Staphylococci (grape-like cluster)
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11
Q

Baccillus

A

Rod shape bacteria

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12
Q

Arrangement of Bacillus

A
  1. Single bacillus
  2. Diplobacilli (two)
  3. Streptobscilli (chain-like)
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13
Q

Spirilla

A

Spiral-like bacteria

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14
Q

Arrangements of Spirilla

A
  1. Vibrio (comma shaped)
  2. Spirillum (more rigid)
  3. Spirochete (flexible)
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15
Q

What structures are found in ALL bacteria?

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and nucleoid

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16
Q

Structures of a bacteria and their function: Cell Membrane/ Plasma Membrane

A

Essential.

  • Separates cytoplasm from external environment, and mediates the transport between the two
  • Keeps cytoplasmic proteins from leaking
  • Allows nutrients to enter
  • Maintains concentration gradients of ions and nutrients
  • Oxidative phosphorylation also takes place here
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17
Q

Structures of a bacteria and their function: Cytoplasm

A

Essential.

  • Gel-like and contains cell structures such as ribosomes, chromosomes, and plasmids
  • Cell growth
  • Metabolism
  • Replication
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18
Q

Structures of a bacteria and their function: Ribosomes

A

Essential.

  • In the cytoplasm
  • Translates mRNA to make proteins
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19
Q

Structures of a bacteria and their function: Nucleoid

A

Essential.

  • Region that contains the genetic material
  • DNA is not enclosed so the coils of DNA extend throughout the cytoplasm
  • Contains one chromosome and is circular in shape; attached to the membrane
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20
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

This is an extrachromosomal DNA that is not essential to the bacteria

They contain genes that are advantageous (such as help make toxins, pili, fimbrae, etc)

This can make cell more pathogenic or live in an environment that it normally not survive in

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21
Q

Structures of a bacteria and their function: Glycocalyx

A

Not essential.

  • Located outside the cell wall
  • Compassion of sugars, glycoproteins, or both
  • Helps prevent phagocytosis, protect cell from desiccation (drying), biofilm formation, and act as a source of nutrient
  • Bacteria becomes more vulnerable if stripped of this.
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22
Q

What are the two types of glycocalyx?

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Slime Layer
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23
Q

Glycocalyx: Capsule

A

Thicker and tightly attached

Highly organized and attached tightly to cells

Can help with attachment as it sticky; does not need specific receptors to be able to attach

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24
Q

Glycocalyx: Slime Layer

A

Not attached tight

Unorganized and can easily be washed off

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25
Structures of a bacteria and their function: **Pilus**
Not essential. * Fewer in number and are at the poles of the cell; long * Made out of protein monomer called **pilin** * Can have a role in movement (Type IV) * More often involved in adherence to surfaces * F-pilus allow for transfer of DNA
26
Structures of a bacteria and their function: **Fimbriae**
Not essential. * Located at the surface of bacterial cells; short hair-like structure _around_ the cell * They enable bacteria to bind to a specific receptor * Made up of protein monomer called **pilin**
27
What are all the layers a cell might have called?
Cell envelope
28
What is the cell membrane made up of?
* Phospholipid bilayer * Proteins * Integral/ transmembrane (embedded in the whole bilayer) * Peripheral (located on the inner or outer surface of the bilayer)
29
T or F: The cell membrane has selective permeability
True
30
What are the functions of the bacterial membrane proteins?
* Structural support * Detecting environmental signals * Secreting virulence factors and communication signals * Transport across the cell membrane
31
Label the hydrophobic and hydrophilic tail in the phospholipid bilayer
32
What is the phospholipid bilayer made up of?
1. Glycerol 2. Phosphorus 3. Two fatty acid tails
33
Membrane Permeability
34
Factors that determine liquid bilayer permeability
1. Size of solute/ molecule; larger molecules are harder to pass through 2. Charge of solute/ molecule; Nonpolar/ charged/ hydrophobic
35
Passive Transport
Movement _along a concentration gradient_ ## Footnote **No energy required**
36
Simple Diffusion
Movement of a _solute_ from an area of **high concentration to an area of low concentration**
37
Facilitated Diffusion
_Solute_ moves with a **transporter protein** If they are charged, then they need to a protein channel to travel from high concentration to low concentration Still NO energy required
38
Osmosis
The movement of _water_ across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of **low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration** Water follows the solute, so wherever the solute is high the water follows
39
Isotonic Solution
There is the **same concentration of water and solutes inside and outside the cell;** there is no change in the cell This is he most desirable state
40
Hypertonic Solution
A solution that contains more solute **outside** the cell This causes water to move out the cell The cell shrinks No cell likes this
41
Hypotonic Solution
A solution that contains more solutes **inside** the cell This causes water to move inside the cell The cell expands and can lyse (burst) Plants and bacteria like this
42
Active Transport
Movement of solute **against** a concentration gradient Move from an area of low concentration to high **Energy and transporter proteins are required**
43
When do cells use active transport?
When the nutrient concentration is _low_ in the environment
44
What are some substances that are actively transported?
Sugars, ions, and amino acids
45
What is indirect active transport?
The use of energy from one gradient to drive transport up another gradient Also known as coupled transport
46
2 Types of Indirect Active Transport | (Coupled Transport)
1. Symport 2. Antiport
47
Indirect Active Transport (Coupled Transport): **Symport**
When the two substances travel in the **same direction** across the membrane Protons act as potential energy to pry open the gate
48
Indirect Active Transport (Coupled Transport): **Antiport**
When two different substances are moved in **opposite** directions A cell uses the movement of an ion across a membrane and _down_ (from high to low) its concentration gradient to power the transporter of a second substance up _against_ its gradient (from low to high)
49
What is direct active transport?
Uses chemical energy such as ATP to transport solutes across a membrane against their concentration gradient (low to high)
50
Direct Active Transport: **ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC Transporters)**
The substrate binding protein binds to a solute (which has a high affinity for it). The substrate binding protein then directs the solute to the channel protein. Hydrolysis of ATP ADP+P yields the energy needed to open the channel allowing the solute to move up the concentration gradient and up the cell. The transporter then returns to its resting state
51
Influx ABC Transporters
Bring sugars, nutrients, and amino acids **into** the cell
52
Efflux ABC Transporters
Expels waste products from the cell
53
Siderophores
Tightly bind available _iron_ (Fe3+) in the environment and bring the siderophore-iron complex to ABC transporters for movement across the membrane Requires direct utilization of ATP Iron is used for nutrients for bacteria
54
What causes iron to be released into its usable form?
PH differences
55
Structures of a bacteria and their function: **Cell Wall**
Not essential. * Semi-rigid structure present outside the plasma membrane; Surrounds the cell like a cage * Made of peptidoglycan * Responsible for the shape of the cell * Prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment (osmotic lysis)
56
What is peptidoglycan made of?
Made up of sugars and amino acids Glycan chains cross-linked with peptides of 4 amino acids Long chains consist of repairing units of **NAG and NAM** (glycan-backbone) 4 amino acids cross linked off of NAM (peptides)
57
NAG and NAM are modifications of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Glucose
58
Gram-Positive Cell Envelope
Thick cell wall, **multiple layers of** _peptidoglycan_ Think: an open sandwich with a think layer of meat
59
What is teichoic acids made of?
Alcohol and phosphate
60
What is the function of teichoic acids?
Rope like structure that holds all the layers of the gram positive (thick) cell wall together and anchors the inner membrane Helps further stabilized the cell wall
61
Gram-Negative Cell Envelope
Thin cell wall, **single layer** of peptidoglycan, **_enclosed by an outer membrane_** Think a closed sandwich with a thin slice of cheese in between the bread
62
What is the inner membrane made of?
Phospholipid Bilayer 2 fatty acids 1 phosphorus Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tail
63
What is the outer membrane made of in a gram-negative cell wall?
LPS (Lipopolysaccharide); outer part of membrane Phospholipids; inner part of the membrane
64
What is the structure of LPS?
* 2 sugars; 6 lipid tails * Lipid A/ Endotoxin * Chain of sugars off a sugar called Core Polysaccharide * 10-40 sugars * O-Polysaccharide/ O-Antigen off the chain of sugars * Highly variable (up to 200 sugars)
65
What is the function of lipoproteins in gram negative cell walls?
It anchors the outer member to the cell wall
66
What method of transport does the outer membrane of a gram negative cell wall use?
Passive transport ## Footnote **It helps the transport of protein**
67
What is a porin?
This is the outer membrane transporter which helps bring in sugars and peptides through passive transport
68
Our bodies make antibodies against \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
O-Antigens
69
What is an endotoxin?
A component of LPS that is extremely toxic to the host
70
Mycoplasmas
Lack a cell wall; no peptidoglycan Changes shape a lot due to the lack of a cell wall Sterols (cholesterol) in plasam membrane
71
Acid- Fast Cell Walls
Like gram-positive cell walls, but their envelopes are exceptionally thick and complex Thick peptidoglycan Sugar layer Mycolic acid is waxy and very thick (not permeable, so tend to me slow growing since nutrients can't get in); bound to peptidoglycan Antibiotics are also hard to penetrate through them bc of this thick mycolic acid layer
72
How do antibiotics such as pencillinan and vancomycin work?
They work by preventing cross linking of peptides Breaks down the peptidoglycan (cell wall)
73
Why does the cell need enzymes?
1. make special sugars 2. build peptides 3. seal crosssbridges
74
What does the enzyme lysozyme do?
This is produced in almost every secretion in us and helps break down glycan chains
75
What does widespread use of antibiotics cause?
Evolution of antibiotic resistant strains
76
Flagella
Not essential, but advantage to have * Rotary flagella enable **motility** and chemotaxis * Made up of chains of flagellin protein
77
What does flagella help enhance?
The virulence aka the severity of the disease
78
Structure of the flagella
3 parts 1. Filament 2. Protein Hook 3. Basel Body 1. Rings 2. Rod
79
Function of the filament in flagella
This is the part that we see
80
Function of the protein hook in flagella
Helps anchor filament to the cell
81
Function of the ring in the basal body
This helps rotate the cell
82
Function of the rod in flagella
This also acts as an anchor
83
How does the flagella move?
The flagella **SPINS** the whole cell
84
Gram Positive Flagellum Structure
1 single rod 2 rings
85
Gram Negative Flagellum Structure
1 single rod 4 rings
86
How are the flagella rings powered?
By a proton (ion) gradient
87
Endoflagella
Wraps around the cell body when surround by sheath Flagella is present beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell Flagella is anchored at one end of a cell Moves in a twitchy fashion
88
Where is endoflagella present?
In a group of bacteria called **Spirochetes**
89
Motile Cells
Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis)
90
What is chemotaxis?
directed motion of an organism toward attractive environment or away from repellent surroundings
91
Attractants is what type of chemotaxis? (positive or negative)
Positive
92
Repellents is what type of chemotaxis? | (positive or negative)
Negative
93
Anti/counter clockwise rotation of flagella causes it to move \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Forward (swim)
94
Clockwise rotation of flagella causes it to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Turn and change direction Tumble
95
Thylakoids
Photosynthetic bacteria capture light with extensively folded intracellular membranes Absorb the light and convert it to chemical energy as needed Folds ensure that you have the energy needed to carry out photosynthesis
96
Gas Vesicles
Aquatic phototrophs use gas vesicles to increase buoyancy Makes bacteria cell buoyant so its on the surface, near sunlight. Trap and collect carbon dioxide and hydrogen produced by the cell's metabolism
97
Storage Granules
Store energy such as glycogen or PHA Variable depending on the type of bacteria
98
Sulfer Granules
Deposits of solid sulfur within the cytoplasm Bacteria basically eats the rocks and the sulfur found in them is stored in the cytoplasm Sulfer helps the cells avoid predation
99
Magnetosomes
Microscopic membrane-enclosed crystals of magnetite Magnetite helps orient the cell based on the magnetic field of the environment
100
Multidrug resistance is most often found in bacteria that contain\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Efflux Transporters It helps microbes expel antibiotics which makes it multi drug resistant
101
Which cell walls (gram positive or gram negative) are more susceptible to penicillin and why?
Gram positive cell walls are more susceptible because antibiotic target the peptidoglycan in cell walls, and that is vital for the function of a gram positive cell. A gram negative cell wall has an outer membrane to help protect it.
102
What happens if you give an antibiotic treatment to a LPS-containing treatment?
It does kill the cells, but it can also cause a reaction that kills the patient
103
T or F: Bacterial cells grow and divide as a continuous process
True
104
Order of cellular components that make up a bacterial cell's total weight from most to least
Water Proteins Lipids DNA Inorganic ions
105
Oxygen passes through the membrane by
simple diffusion passive transport
106
Endospores
Heat and chemical resistant dormant structures
107
Is E. coli gram positive or gram negative?
Gram negative
108
Is streptococcus gram positive or gram negative?
Gram positive
109
Is staphylococcus gram positive or gram negative?
Gram positive

Microbiology (7 decks)

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