Unit 2: Chapter 7 Bacterial Metabolism Flashcards

(87 cards)

1
Q

What is catabolism?

A

provides energy and the building blocks (e.g amino acids)

Breaks things down

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2
Q

Catabolic reactions are what type of reactions?

A

exergoinc

Release energy

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3
Q

What is anabolism?

A

uses energy and building block to build large molcules

builds things up

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4
Q

Anabolic reactions are what type of reactions?

A

endergonic

Utilize energy

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5
Q

An example of foods and them using canabolism and anabolism

Just a picture

A
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6
Q

What is the collison theory?

A

In order for a reaction to occur molecules have to collide and break in certian ways in order to break the bond

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7
Q

For the collison theory to occur, what do we need to happen?

3 things

A
  1. Frequent collison
  2. Collison should be energetic
  3. Orientation of the collison
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8
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction

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9
Q

What helps lower the activation energy?

A

Enzymes
Allow it so that the minimum energy needed for the reaction to take place is lowered

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10
Q

What are enzymes made out of?

A

Amino acids

They are proteins

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11
Q

T or F: Enzymes are all the same shape

A

False; Enzymes all have unique shapes

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12
Q

What do enzymes have that help with binding substrates?

A

Active sites

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13
Q

What do the active sights help take care of in regards to the collison thoery?

A

Frequent collison and orientation

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14
Q

Are enzymes highly specific?

A

Yes; enzymes are highly specific in terms of what substrate they act upon

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15
Q

Advantages of the enzymes and substrates tight bond

A

It allows for it to bind tightly enough to where it puts stress on the bond and gives it that enegry

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16
Q

Many enzymes will end in _________

A

-ase

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17
Q

What are cofactors and coenzymes?

A

An additional non-protein molecule that is needed by many enzymes to help the reaction

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18
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

organic molecules such as vitamins

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19
Q

What do coenzymes function as?

A

They function as intremediate carriers of electrons or functional groups that are transferred during a chemical reaction

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20
Q

What are cofactors?

A

inorganic substances such as metal ions

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21
Q

Enzyme Mechanism

Name 4 steps

Picture with the steps of a substrate binding to an enzyme

A
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22
Q

ATP

Just a picture

A
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23
Q

ATP and ADP are constantly being ________

A

recycled

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24
Q

ATP is genereted by

A

the phosphorylation of ADP

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25
What occurs in substrate-level phosphorylation?
An enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP which then forms ATP
26
What two metabolism cycles use substrate-level phosphorylation?
glycolysis and citric acid cycle
27
T or F: a large amount of ATP is made via substrate-level phosphorylation
False; small amounts of ATP are from in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle by substrate-level phosphorylation
28
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
- This makes the most ATP - Involved the electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidation-reduction of electron carriers of ETC
29
What does oxidative phosphorylation require?
an adequate supply of terminal electron acceptor
30
Oxidation
removal of electrons
31
Reduction
gain of electrons
32
Redox reaction
an oxidation reaction paired with reduction reaction
33
In biological systems, the elctrons are often associated with
hydrogen atoms
34
Oxidation-Reduction | Just a picture to help
35
What are the cellular respiration steps?
Glucose (c6h12o6) + Oxygen (o2) ----> Glycolysis ----> Krebs Cycle ----> Electron Transport Chain ----> Carbon Dioxide (co2) + Water (h2o) + ATP | Carbohydrate Catabolism
36
Cellular Respiration Analogy | Just a picture
37
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytoplasm in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
38
Does glycolysis require oxygen?
No; glycolysis is an anerobic process aka it does not require oxygen
39
What are the 3 stages in glycolysis?
1. Activation stage or investment stage (reactions 1-3) - Enegry used in this stage 2. Cleavage stage (reaction 4) - Splitting 3. Harvest stage or return stage (reactions 6-11) - NADH is produced - ATP is produced
40
Glycolysis Steps | Just a picture Need to know whats in the picture
Substrate: Glucose Product: 2 pyruvate ATP used: 2 ATP produced: 4 Net ATP: 2 NADH: 2 FADH: 0
41
What is the intermediate step?
When pyruvate (pyruvic acid) turns into acetyl-coA. Substrate: 2 pyruvate Products: 2 CO2 and 2 acetyl coA ATP used: 0 ATP produced: 0 ATP Yeild: 0 NADH: 2 FADH: 0
42
Where does the intermediate step occur in **eukaryotes**?
in the matrix of the mitochondria
43
Where does the intermediate step occur in **prokaryotes**?
in the cytoplasm
44
Where does the krebs cycle occur in **eukaroytes**?
in the matrix of the mitochondria
45
Where does the krebs cycle occur in **prokaryotes**?
in the cytoplasm
46
Krebs Steps Need to know whats in the picture | Just a picture
Substrate: 2 Acetyl coA Product: 4 CO2 ATP used: 0 ATP produced: 2 ATP Yeild: 2 NADH: 6 FADH: 2
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The electron transport chain ins comprised of a series of multiprotein complexes called
electron carriers
48
The carriers in the ETC alternate reduced and oxidized states as they ____ and ____ electrons
accept and donate
49
What happens to electrons as they are passed down the chain?
they drop in energy
50
What is the terminal electron accepter in the ETC?
O2
51
What does the terminal electron accepter (O2) form?
H2O
52
What does the electron transfer in ETC cause proteins to do?
It causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space
53
What happens when H+ moves back across the membrane?
it passes through the protein complex, ATP synthase
54
How does ATP synthase make ATP?
It uses the exergonic flow of H+ to **drive phosphorylation of ATP**
55
Where does the electron transport chain take place in eukaryotes?
in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
56
Where does the electron transport chain take place in prokaryotes?
in the inner membrane
57
What is chemiosmosis?
The use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work
58
What is the proton motive force?
The H+ gradient
59
Electron Transport Chain in picture form | Just a picture
There is a higher concentration of protons on the outside of the cell
60
How much ATP does one NADH make?
3 ATP
61
How much ATP does 1 FADH make?
2 ATP
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Total number of ATP made broken down | Theoretically
63
Why don't we always make the full 38 ATP's in cellular respiration?
Because we have other processes going on. The proton motive force is also required to move flagella, maintain overall charge of cell, and help with nutrient uptake.
64
Anaerobic Respiration
No oxygen required Some **bacteria** can use **alternative terminal electron acceptors** to complete respiration, instead of oxygen
65
Because anaerobic respiration can't pump as many protons out, what happens?
It yields less energy than aerobic respiration
66
T or F: anaerobes grow **faster** than aerobes
False; anaerobes grow **slower** than aerobes
67
Little chart
68
What is fermentation?
The incomplete oxidation of sugars in the **absence of oxygen**
69
T or F; Fermentation uses krebs and the electron transport chain
False; fermentation does not use either krebs or the electron transport chain
70
What does fermentation use as the terminal electron acceptor?
they do not have a terminal electron acceptor
71
The essential function of the second stage of fermentation is to ensure a steady supply of
NAD
72
What are the two types of fermentation?
1. Lactic acid fermentation which produces lactic acid 2. Alcohol fermentation which produces ethanol + CO2
73
Where does lactic acid fermentation occur?
In the muscle
74
Where does alcohol fermentation occur?
in the cytosol of the cell
75
Lactic Acid and Alcohol Fermentation | Just a picture
Build up of NADH so need to regenerate NAD+ through oxidation
76
Where is ATP synthase located?
in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
77
The fate of pyruvate at the end of glycolysis depends on
whether there is a terminal electron acceptor 1. Terminal electron acceptor? ETC 2. No terminal electron acceptor? Fermentation
78
What is lithotrophy?
An **inorganic, reduced, molecule** serves as the **electron donor** instead og an organic compound
79
What are som examples of inorganic molecules?
- Ferrous Iron - Ammonium Ion - Hydrogen Gas
80
Amphilibolic Pathways
These are pathways that can be used to build things up and break things down (catabolism and anabolism)
81
Interrealtionship of catabolic pathways | Just a picture
82
ATP is formed in what type of reactions? | Anabolic or catabolic?
Catabolic
83
ADP is formed in what type of reactions? | Anabolic or catabolic?
Anabolic
84
NAD+ ---> NADH | Oxidized or reduced?
Reduced | gain electron (H)
85
NADH ---> NAD+ | Oxidized or reduced?
Oxidized | Lose electron (H)
86
What is true in regards to the ETC and fermentation?
They both regenerate NAD+
87
Can glycolysis and krebs proceed without NAD+?
No; NAD+ must be present in order for glycolysis and krebs to proceed