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AP Biology > Unit 1: Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Unit 1: Chemistry of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

matter

A

anything that takes up space and has mass

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2
Q

element

A

substance that can’t be broken down to other substances chemically

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3
Q

compound

A

substance made up of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

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4
Q

What four elements make up 96% of all living matter?

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

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5
Q

essential element

A

pure substances needed by an organism to survive and reproduce

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6
Q

trace element

A

essential elements needed in only small quantities by an organism

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7
Q

neutron

A

particle with neutral charge

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8
Q

proton

A

particle with positive charge

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9
Q

electron

A

particle with negative charge

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10
Q

atomic mass

A

total mass of an atom in AMU

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11
Q

atomic number

A

total number of protons in the nucleus in an atom

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12
Q

isotope

A

an atom with different amounts of neutrons in the nucleus than its normal form

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13
Q

electron shells

A

average distances away from the nucleus describing the orbits of electrons

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14
Q

molecule

A

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

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15
Q

double bond

A

when atoms share two pairs of electrons rather than one pair

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16
Q

electronegativity

A

the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself

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17
Q

nonpolar covalent bond

A

two atoms have similar electronegativity

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18
Q

polar covalent bond

A

two atoms have different electronegativity, but still share electrons

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19
Q

ionic bond

A

the stealing of electrons creating ions that are attracted to each other

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20
Q

anion

A

negatively charged atom

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21
Q

cation

A

positively charged atom

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22
Q

hydrogen bond

A

the weak bond between a hydrogen atom and a very electronegative atom of another molecule

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23
Q

van der waals interactions

A

weak interactions that occur randomly in any molecules due to slight differences in charge in different regions of the molecule in an instant

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24
Q

chemical reactions

A

the making and breaking of bonds

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25
What are the properties of water?
``` hydrogen bonding cohesion adhesion surface tension excellent solvent capillary action high heat capacity less dense solid form than liquid high heat of vaporization ```
26
cohesion
water attracted to other water molecules
27
adhesion
water attracted to other substances
28
surface tension
tendency of water molecules on the top to hold their structure
29
Why is water a good solvent?
Water is polar, using its positively charged side to surround negatively charged solutes and vice versa
30
hydrophobic substances
substances not attracted to water
31
hydrophilic substances
substances attracted to water
32
specific heat capacity
amount of heat it takes to change the temperature of one gram of a substance by 1 Celsius
33
heat of vaporization
the amount of heat required to change a liquid to a gas
34
evaporative cooling
when water evaporates, cools surface | mechanism of sweating
35
How does ice float?
Since hydrogen bonds keep ice molecules a good distance away from each other such that ice is less dense than liquid water, allowing ice to float
36
solvent
substance that does the disolving
37
solution
uniform mixture of 2 or more substances
38
solute
substance being disolved
39
pH
measure of the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; pH = -log[H+]
40
acid
solution with a [H+] > [OH-]
41
base
solution with a [H+] < [OH-]
42
What are the types of carbon skeletons?
straight branched double bonds ring
43
hydrocarbon
molecule of only hydrogens and carbons
44
functional group
chemical groups attached to molecules that change the function of the molecule
45
What are the 7 types of functional groups?
``` Hydroxyl Carbonyl Carboxyl Amino Sulfhydryl Phosphate Methyl ```
46
What are the properties of hydroxyl groups?
make molecule alcohol polar hydrophilic
47
What are the properties of carbonyl groups?
polar hydrophilic two types: aldehyde (end of carbon chain) and ketone (middle of carbon chain)
48
What are the properties of Carboxyl groups?
acidic | make molecule a carboxylic acid
49
What are the properties of amino groups?
basic | make molecule amine
50
What are the properties of sulfhydryl groups?
disulfide bridges | make molecule thiol
51
What are the properties of phosphate groups?
``` energy transfer (ATP) as holds a lot of energy make molecule an organic phosphate ```
52
What are the properties of methyl groups?
nonpolar
53
What are the four main biomolecules?
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
54
polymer
large molecules made up of monomers
55
monomer
building blocks of polymers
56
dehydration synthesis reaction
covalent bonding of two molecules by giving up a water molecule
57
hydrolysis
breaking down polymers by adding a water molecule
58
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
monosaccharide
59
disaccharide
sugar of two monosaccharides bound together
60
glycosidic linkage
covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides
61
polysaccharides
3 or more monosaccharides bonded together
62
sucrose
table sugar; disaccharide formed from glucose and fructose
63
maltose
sugar in beer; disaccharide formed from two glucose molecules
64
lactose
milk sugar; disaccharides of galactose and glucose
65
storage polysaccharides
used for storing energy (glycogen, starch)
66
structural polysaccharides
used for building stuff (cellulose)
67
What are the monomers of lipids?
glycerol head and fatty acid tails
68
What is a characteristic of all lipids?
nonpolar
69
ester linkages
the bond between glycerol head and fatty acid tails
70
saturated fat
all carbons are filled with hydrogens
71
unsaturated fat
not all carbons are filled with hydrogens; includes a double bond
72
phospholipid
the lipid of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail; makes cell membrane
73
protein
biomolecule with many functions in body; used to do stuff
74
What is the monomer of proteins?
amino acids
75
What is an amino acid made of?
an amine group, a carboxyl group, a central carbon, a hydrogen, and an R group
76
peptide bond
bond joining amino acids
77
dipeptide
protein of two amino acids
78
polypeptide
many amino acids joined together
79
What are the four levels of protein structure?
Primary (polypeptide) Secondary (polypeptide binds in on itself in alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets) Tertiary (finished singular unit of protein) Quaternary (Finished combined unit of protein; only some proteins)
80
denaturation
unfolding of proteins
81
What are the monomers of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
82
What are nucleotides made of?
Sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group
83
What are the five nitrogenous bases?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil
84
antiparallel
two DNA strands parallel but move in opposite directions

AP Biology (8 decks)

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