Unit 5: Heredity

Question 1

meiosis

Answer 1

process by which gametes are formed

Question 2

gametes

Answer 2

sex cells (either sperm or egg)

Question 3

diploid (2n)

Answer 3

two copies of the genome

Question 4

haploid (n)

Answer 4

one copy of the genome

Question 5

fertilization

Answer 5

combining of sperm and egg to form a zygote

Question 6

zygote

Answer 6

diploid fertilized egg

Question 7

chromosome

Answer 7

a single structure housing a single strand of DNA and associated proteins

Question 8

chromatid

Answer 8

one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome

Question 9

homologous chromosomes

Answer 9

a pair of chromosomes, one from mom and one from dad, with similar contents of DNA and are the same size

Question 10

crossing over

Answer 10

exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes

Question 11

PMAT 1 (Meiosis 1)

Answer 11

first division in meiosis

Question 12

PMAT 2 (Meiosis 2)

Answer 12

second division in meiosis

Question 13

sexual reproduction

Answer 13

reproduction by meet of a sperm and an egg

Question 14

daughter cell

Answer 14

cloned cell as a result of cell division

Question 15

punnett square

Answer 15

a table used to find the possible results of crossing two genotypes together and the probabilities of obtaining those results

Question 16

dominant

Answer 16

allele that is expressed in a genotype

Question 17

recessive

Answer 17

allele that is not expressed in a genotype

Question 18

allele

Answer 18

alternate form of a gene

Question 19

trait

Answer 19

feature or character of an organism

Question 20

law of segregation

Answer 20

equal probability for offspring to receive either allele from a parent

Question 21

law of independent assortment

Answer 21

traits from genes are independent and do not influence eachother

Question 22

heterozygous

Answer 22

different alleles

Question 23

homozygous

Answer 23

same alleles

Question 24

genotype

Answer 24

genes that you have

Question 25

phenotype

Answer 25

physical appearance due to genotype

Question 26

genetic linkage

Answer 26

genes on the same chromosome and are relatively nearby each other

Question 27

sex-linked trait

Answer 27

trait due to a gene on a sex chromosome

Question 28

incomplete dominance

Answer 28

both alleles blend if heterozygous

Question 29

complete dominance

Answer 29

recessive allele not shown if heterozygous

Question 30

codominance

Answer 30

both alleles are present on the phenotype seperately

Question 31

nondisjunction

Answer 31

failure of chromosomes to seperate

Question 32

How does meiosis result in the transmission of chromosomes from one generation to the next?

Answer 32

Meiosis produces gametes, which have chromosomes, and the gametes can fertilize with another individual's gametes and their chromosomes and passion their chromosomes to the next generation offspring

Question 33

What are the similarities and differences between the phases and outcomes of mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 33

Similarities: both produce new cells Differences: Mitosis produces diploid clone daughter cells and has only one division. It produces somatic cells. Meiosis has two divisions that produce haploid gametes.

Question 34

How does the process of meiosis generate genetic diversity?

Answer 34

Via crossing over, random fertilization, and independent assortment, meiosis and resulting fertilization produces offspring that are always genetically dissimilar from the parents, increasing genetic diversity

Question 35

How do shared, conserved, fundamental processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms?

Answer 35

All organisms share certain processes and features like DNA, metabolic processes, etc, so the common ancestor of all life must have had these processes and features

Question 36

How do Mendel's laws describe the inheritance of genes and traits?

Answer 36

the law of segregation states that offspring have an equal probability to receive either allele from our parents The law of independent assortment states that traits from genes are independent and do not influence each other

Question 37

What are the deviations from Mendel’s model of the inheritance of traits?

Answer 37

Examples include sex-linked traits, linked genes, incomplete dominance, codominance, epistasis (a gene affects the phenotypic expression of another), polygenic inheritance (many genes influence one phenotype), pleiotropy (one gene influences multiple phenotypes), and multiple alleles (many alleles for one gene)

Question 38

How can the same genotype result in multiple phenotypes under different environmental conditions?

Answer 38

An example is human height. Two individuals can have the same height initially, but different heights later depending on nutrition