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AP Biology > Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life Flashcards

1
Q

the independent variable has no effect on the dependent variable (always want to reject this!)

A

null hypothesis

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2
Q

what you think will happen in an experiment

A

hypothesis

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3
Q

a tentative explanation of an event or behavior

(e.g CBT produces less relapse than antidepressants

A

experimental hypothesis

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4
Q

an assertion or conjecture concerning one/multiple populations which may/may not be true concerning one/more population

A

statistical hypothesis

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5
Q

What are the two types of statistical hypothesis?

A

Null hypothesis and Alternative hypothesis

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6
Q

the independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable

A

alternative hypothesis

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7
Q

experimental design

A
  1. Question
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Gather materials
  4. Determine procedure
  5. Conduct experiment
  6. Record data
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8
Q

doesn’t change

A

constant

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9
Q

an experiment which does not have the independent variable; variables stay the same

A

control group

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10
Q

a measure of sample variance

A

standard error

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11
Q

√∑​(x−x̄)^2
_________
(n-1)
​
**(n-1) IS UNDER THE SQR ROOT

A

standard deviation

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12
Q

stndrd dev./√n

A

standard error

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13
Q

Structure determines _________.

A

function

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14
Q

If shape changes, what also changes?

A

function

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15
Q

What are the major elements of life?

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Sulfur

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16
Q

Oxygen fuels ______. ________ require it.

A

metabolism, organisms

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17
Q

The sub-components of biological molecules determine the _________ of that molecule.

A

properties

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18
Q

What ratio of H:O does H2O have?

A

2:1

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19
Q

covalent bond

A

atoms share e-

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20
Q

Fuels photosynthesis; makes up amino acids (protein), and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, ATP)

A

Nitrogen and Phosphorous

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21
Q

What are the three types of nucleic acid?

A

DNA, RNA, ATP

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22
Q

Chemo synthesis is run on hydrogen sulfide; major metabolism in extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents, or deep ocean vents

A

Sulfur

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23
Q

difference in atomic electronegativity; more electronegative, more ____

A

polarity

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24
Q

Polarity allows molecules to form _________ ________, the weak bond interactions between the – and + regions of two seperate molecules.

A

hydrogen bonds

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25
Q

Two of the SAME molecules from hydrogen bond with each other

A

cohesion

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26
Q

two DIFFERENT molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other

A

adhesion

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27
Q

What is an example of cohesion?

A

water and water

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28
Q

What is an example of adhesion?

A

amino acid and water

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29
Q

Living systems depend on ______’s properties

A

water

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30
Q

result of increased h-bonding forces between H2O molecules at the surface

A

surface tension

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31
Q

Water has HIGH ________ due to its ADHESIVE properties

A

solvency

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32
Q

making/breaking down polymers (macromolecules)

A

condensation/hydrolysis reaction

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33
Q

Every macromolecules has a ______ and ______ unit

A

monomer, polymer

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34
Q

monomer

A

single unit

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35
Q

Monomers are put together through _________ bonds in condensation.

A

covalent

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36
Q

many monomers bonded together

A

polymer

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37
Q

H2O dissolves ______ in cells, and allows them to be easily accessed by cells.

A

materials

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38
Q

In a condensation reaction, H20 is _________.

A

removed

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39
Q

COHESION allows for unique h-bond interactions to occur in H2O solid, ice less dense than H2O liquid

A

ice floats

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40
Q

COHESION; H2O absorb lots of thermal en. before state change –> resist sudden change in temperature

A

high heat capacity

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41
Q

In a hydrolysis reaction, H2O is ________.

A

added/made

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42
Q

ADHESION + COHESION; plants access H2O from soil

A

capillary action

43
Q

Living systems require a constant input of energy to ____, _____, and _______ _____.

A

grow, reproduce, maintain organisms

44
Q

energy is transferred, NOT destroyed

A

law of conservation of mass

45
Q

globular 3D structure; enzymes

A

3rd (tertiary) protein struc.

46
Q

R group determines _________ in amino acids. Therefore, it also determines ________.

A

structure, function

47
Q

Living systems mainly use energy stored in ________ ________.

A

chemical bonds

48
Q

Living systems require an ______ ___ ______.

A

exchange of matter

49
Q

Organic means

A

carbon-based

50
Q

What type of bonds can carbon make?

A

single, double, triple

51
Q

Carbon/Hydrogen is used to build what groups of macromolecules?

A

Carbs, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Lipids

52
Q

Nitrogen is used to build what macromolecule groups?

A

Proteins, Nucleic Acids

53
Q

Phosphorous is used to make what macromolecule groups?

A

Nucleic Acids, lipids (certain ones)

54
Q

Carbon-containing molecules can be used to:

A

store energy
form basic cell structures

55
Q

What shapes can carbon bonds make

A

chains, rings, branches

56
Q

Function depends on __________.

A

structure

57
Q

polymers comprised of monomers called nucleotides

A

nucleic acids

58
Q

What are the three types of nucleotide?

A

five carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base

59
Q

Biological information is stored in __________ ________.

A

nucleotide monomers

60
Q

5’ end is _________ group.

A

phosphate

61
Q

3’ end has ________.

A

OH

62
Q

DNA and RNA differ how?

A

sugar group (deoxyribose vs. ribose) and nitrogen base (thymine vs. uracil)

63
Q

monomers that make up proteins; have directionality with NH2 terminus and a carboxyl (COOH) terminus

A

amino acids (proteins)

64
Q

primary structure of a protein; consists of smaller, specific order of amino acids and determines the overall shape the protein can achieve

A

polypeptide

65
Q

Polypeptides differ in their _____ group

A

R

66
Q

Polypeptide R group HYDROPHOBIC

A

CH3

67
Q

Polypeptide R group HYDROPHILIC

A

CH2-OH

68
Q

Polypeptide R group IONIC

A

CH2-COOH

69
Q

can have monomers whose structures determine the properties and functions of carb

A

complex carbs

70
Q

Carb monomers differ in _________ groups

A

hydroxide

71
Q

nonpolar macromolecules that DONT have true monomers but comprise of subunits: _____ and ______

A

lipids, fatty acids, glycerol

72
Q

fatty acids SATURATED

A

carbon chain

73
Q

fatty acids UNSATURATED

A

carbon branch

74
Q

contain hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions that determine interaction with other molecules

A

phospholipid

75
Q

phospholipid hydrophilic region

A

polar head

76
Q

phospholipid hydrophobic region

A

nonpolar tail

77
Q

Membranes contain _____ and _______.

A

lipids, proteins

78
Q

hydrophilic regions _____ with H2O.

A

interact

79
Q

hydrophobic regions ___ __________ w/ H20.

A

don’t interact

80
Q

Directionality of subcomponents influence __________ of nucleic acid polymers

A

structure

81
Q

linear sequence of all nucleic acids

A

3’ hydroxyl (OH) and 5’phosphate; antiparallel

82
Q

Nucleic acids held together by _____ ______ which stabilize molecular structure.

A

hydrogen bonds

83
Q

A-T how many H-bonds?

A

2

84
Q

G-C how many bonds?

A

3

85
Q

Directionality influences _____ of nucleic acid polymers

A

synthesis

86
Q

Nucleotide can only be added to 3’ end during _______________

A

synthesis of nucleic acid polymers

87
Q

Proteins comprise chains of amino acids with ________. What are the two groups of terminus in an amino acid?

A

directionality; amino group and carboxyl group

88
Q

What is the bond that links multiple amino acids together?

A

peptide bond

89
Q

Amino acids connect by formation of ________ bonds at the __________ terminus of growing ________ chain.

A

covalent, carboxyl, peptide

90
Q

What are the four elements of protein structure?

A
  1. primary
  2. secondary
  3. tertiary
  4. quaternary
91
Q

determined by sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bond (type of covalent bond)

A

primary structure

92
Q

arise through local folding of amino acid chain. includes alpha helix and beta sheet

A

secondary structure

93
Q

overall 3D shape and minimizes free energy bond + interactions; protein stabilized and functional

A

tertiary structure

94
Q

arises from multiple interactions between multiple polypeptide units

A

quaternary structure

95
Q

Carbs comprise linear chains of ________ ________ connected by ______ bonds.

A

sugar monomers, covalent

96
Q

Sugar monomers vary in __________ of their components (e.g. bond orientation of -OH groups linked to carbon chain)

A

direction

97
Q

Depending on type of sugar monomer used in its formation, a carb polymer may have ________ or ____________ structure and can differ in ________.

A

linear, branched, function

98
Q

DNA vs. RNA phosphate group

A

same

99
Q

DNA vs. RNA nitrogenous base

A

(T) thymine, (U) uracil

100
Q

DNA vs. RNA 5-carb sugar

A

deoxyribose, ribose

101
Q

DNA vs. RNA numberofstrands?

A

double-strand, single-strand

102
Q

DNA vs. RNA: Is the nitrogenous base perpendicular to backbone?

A

yes

103
Q

DNA vs. RNA: Nucleotides have 5’ end and 3’ end?

A

yes; DNA antiparallel, RNA not

AP Biology (3 decks)

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