1. Question 2. Hypothesis 3. Gather materials 4. Determine procedure 5. Conduct experiment 6. Record data

Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life Flashcards by Izzy Penafiel

the independent variable has no effect on the dependent variable (always want to reject this!)

null hypothesis

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what you think will happen in an experiment

hypothesis

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a tentative explanation of an event or behavior

(e.g CBT produces less relapse than antidepressants

experimental hypothesis

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an assertion or conjecture concerning one/multiple populations which may/may not be true concerning one/more population

statistical hypothesis

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What are the two types of statistical hypothesis?

Null hypothesis and Alternative hypothesis

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the independent variable has an effect on the dependent variable

alternative hypothesis

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experimental design

Question
Hypothesis
Gather materials
Determine procedure
Conduct experiment
Record data

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doesn’t change

constant

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an experiment which does not have the independent variable; variables stay the same

control group

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a measure of sample variance

standard error

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√∑(x−x̄)^2
_________
(n-1)

**(n-1) IS UNDER THE SQR ROOT

standard deviation

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stndrd dev./√n

standard error

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Structure determines _________.

function

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If shape changes, what also changes?

function

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What are the major elements of life?

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Sulfur

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Oxygen fuels ______. ________ require it.

metabolism, organisms

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The sub-components of biological molecules determine the _________ of that molecule.

properties

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What ratio of H:O does H2O have?

2:1

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covalent bond

atoms share e-

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Fuels photosynthesis; makes up amino acids (protein), and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA, ATP)

Nitrogen and Phosphorous

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What are the three types of nucleic acid?

DNA, RNA, ATP

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Chemo synthesis is run on hydrogen sulfide; major metabolism in extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents, or deep ocean vents

Sulfur

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difference in atomic electronegativity; more electronegative, more ____

polarity

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Polarity allows molecules to form _________ ________, the weak bond interactions between the – and + regions of two seperate molecules.

hydrogen bonds

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Two of the SAME molecules from hydrogen bond with each other

cohesion

two DIFFERENT molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other

adhesion

What is an example of cohesion?

water and water

What is an example of adhesion?

amino acid and water

Living systems depend on ______'s properties

water

result of increased h-bonding forces between H2O molecules at the surface

surface tension

Water has HIGH ________ due to its ADHESIVE properties

solvency

making/breaking down polymers (macromolecules)

condensation/hydrolysis reaction

Every macromolecules has a ______ and ______ unit

monomer, polymer

monomer

single unit

Monomers are put together through _________ bonds in condensation.

covalent

many monomers bonded together

polymer

H2O dissolves ______ in cells, and allows them to be easily accessed by cells.

materials

In a condensation reaction, H20 is _________.

removed

COHESION allows for unique h-bond interactions to occur in H2O solid, ice less dense than H2O liquid

ice floats

COHESION; H2O absorb lots of thermal en. before state change --> resist sudden change in temperature

high heat capacity

In a hydrolysis reaction, H2O is ________.

added/made

ADHESION + COHESION; plants access H2O from soil

capillary action

Living systems require a constant input of energy to ____, _____, and _______ _____.

grow, reproduce, maintain organisms

energy is transferred, NOT destroyed

law of conservation of mass

globular 3D structure; enzymes

3rd (tertiary) protein struc.

R group determines _________ in amino acids. Therefore, it also determines ________.

structure, function

Living systems mainly use energy stored in ________ ________.

chemical bonds

Living systems require an ______ ___ ______.

exchange of matter

Organic means

carbon-based

What type of bonds can carbon make?

single, double, triple

Carbon/Hydrogen is used to build what groups of macromolecules?

Carbs, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Lipids

Nitrogen is used to build what macromolecule groups?

Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Phosphorous is used to make what macromolecule groups?

Nucleic Acids, lipids (certain ones)

Carbon-containing molecules can be used to:

store energy form basic cell structures

What shapes can carbon bonds make

chains, rings, branches

Function depends on __________.

structure

polymers comprised of monomers called nucleotides

nucleic acids

What are the three types of nucleotide?

five carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base

Biological information is stored in __________ ________.

nucleotide monomers

5' end is _________ group.

phosphate

3' end has ________.

DNA and RNA differ how?

sugar group (deoxyribose vs. ribose) and nitrogen base (thymine vs. uracil)

monomers that make up proteins; have directionality with NH2 terminus and a carboxyl (COOH) terminus

amino acids (proteins)

primary structure of a protein; consists of smaller, specific order of amino acids and determines the overall shape the protein can achieve

polypeptide

Polypeptides differ in their _____ group

Polypeptide R group HYDROPHOBIC

CH3

Polypeptide R group HYDROPHILIC

CH2-OH

Polypeptide R group IONIC

CH2-COOH

can have monomers whose structures determine the properties and functions of carb

complex carbs

Carb monomers differ in _________ groups

hydroxide

nonpolar macromolecules that DONT have true monomers but comprise of subunits: _____ and ______

lipids, fatty acids, glycerol

fatty acids SATURATED

carbon chain

fatty acids UNSATURATED

carbon branch

contain hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions that determine interaction with other molecules

phospholipid

phospholipid hydrophilic region

polar head

phospholipid hydrophobic region

nonpolar tail

Membranes contain _____ and _______.

lipids, proteins

hydrophilic regions _____ with H2O.

interact

hydrophobic regions ___ __________ w/ H20.

don't interact

Directionality of subcomponents influence __________ of nucleic acid polymers

structure

linear sequence of all nucleic acids

3' hydroxyl (OH) and 5'phosphate; antiparallel

Nucleic acids held together by _____ ______ which stabilize molecular structure.

hydrogen bonds

A-T how many H-bonds?

G-C how many bonds?

Directionality influences _____ of nucleic acid polymers

synthesis

Nucleotide can only be added to 3' end during _______________

synthesis of nucleic acid polymers

Proteins comprise chains of amino acids with ________. What are the two groups of terminus in an amino acid?

directionality; amino group and carboxyl group

What is the bond that links multiple amino acids together?

peptide bond

Amino acids connect by formation of ________ bonds at the __________ terminus of growing ________ chain.

covalent, carboxyl, peptide

What are the four elements of protein structure?

1. primary 2. secondary 3. tertiary 4. quaternary

determined by sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bond (type of covalent bond)

primary structure

arise through local folding of amino acid chain. includes alpha helix and beta sheet

secondary structure

overall 3D shape and minimizes free energy bond + interactions; protein stabilized and functional

tertiary structure

arises from multiple interactions between multiple polypeptide units

quaternary structure

Carbs comprise linear chains of ________ ________ connected by ______ bonds.

sugar monomers, covalent

Sugar monomers vary in __________ of their components (e.g. bond orientation of -OH groups linked to carbon chain)

direction

Depending on type of sugar monomer used in its formation, a carb polymer may have ________ or ____________ structure and can differ in ________.

linear, branched, function

DNA vs. RNA phosphate group

same

DNA vs. RNA nitrogenous base

(T) thymine, (U) uracil

DNA vs. RNA 5-carb sugar

deoxyribose, ribose

DNA vs. RNA numberofstrands?

double-strand, single-strand

DNA vs. RNA: Is the nitrogenous base perpendicular to backbone?

yes

DNA vs. RNA: Nucleotides have 5' end and 3' end?

yes; DNA antiparallel, RNA not

Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life Flashcards

(103 cards)