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AP Biology > Unit 2 - Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

higher solute concentration

A

hypertonic

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2
Q

lower solute concentration

A

hypotonic

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3
Q

equal solute/solvent concentration

A

isotonic

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4
Q

diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

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5
Q

the total solute concentration in a solution

A

osmolarity

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6
Q

Water moves by osmosis into the area with a _______ _______ concentration.

A

HIGHER solute

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7
Q

Water concentrations and solute concentrations are _______ related

A

inversely

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8
Q

Water would diffuse out of a ________ environ. –> _______ environ.

A

hypotonic, hypertonic

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9
Q

Solutes diffuse along their own concentration gradients, __________ environ. –>_________ environ.

A

hypertonic, hypotonic

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10
Q

In plant and animal cells, osmoregulation maintains ______ balance and allows _______ of internal solute composition/water ________

A

water, control, potential

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11
Q

LESS cellular solute and MORE cellular water

A

environmental hypertonicity

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12
Q

EQUAL solute and water

A

isotonic solution

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13
Q

MORE cellular solute and LESS cellular water

A

environmental hypotonicity

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14
Q

What is a plant cell’s state in environmental hypertonicty?

A

Plasmolysis

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15
Q

the process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution

A

plasmolysis

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16
Q

What is a plant cell’s state in isotonic solution?

A

flaccid

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17
Q

cell lacking turgidity

A

flaccid

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18
Q

What is a plant cell’s state in environmental hypotonicity?

A

turgid

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19
Q

OPTIMUM STATE FOR PLANT CELLS

A

turgidity

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20
Q

Water flows into the plant vacuoles via ________ causing vacuoles to _______ and press against the cell wall
The cell wall expands until it begins to exert the pressure back on the cell, this pressure is called ____________ __________

A

osmosis, expand, turgor pressure

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21
Q

______ _____ maintains homeostasis for plant in environmental hypotonicity

A

Cell wall

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22
Q

What is an animal cell’s state in environmental hypertonicty?

A

shriveled

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23
Q

What is an animal cell’s state in isotonic solution?

A

normal

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24
Q

What is a animal cell’s state in environmental hypotonicity?

A

lysed

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25
Q

External environments can be _________, ________, or ________ to the internal environment of cells.

A

hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic

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26
Q

Water moves by OSMOSIS from areas of ______ osmolarity/solute concentration to areas of ______ osmolarity/solute concentration.

A

LOW, HIGH

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27
Q

Growth and homeostasis are maintained by the _________ movement of molecules _______ membranes.

A

constant, across

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28
Q

Osmoregulation maintains ________ balance and allows organisms to control their _______ _______ compostion

A

water, internal solute

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29
Q

measures tendency of water to move by osmosis

A

Water potential

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30
Q

Water potential is calculated from __________ potential and _________ potential

A

pressure, solute

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31
Q

Water moves by ________ from an area of ________ water potential –> _____ water potential

A

osmosis, HIGH, LOW

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32
Q

Water moves by ________ from an area of ________ solute potential –> _____ solute potential

A

osmosis, HIGH, LOW

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33
Q

Values of water potential can be ________, _________, or _________

A

positive, negative, zero

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34
Q

The more _______ water potential is, the ______ likely it is to move into an area

A

negative, more

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35
Q

Osmoregulation allows organisms to control what 2 things?

A

internal solute composition, water potential

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36
Q

As solute potential increases, water potential ___________.

A

descreases

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37
Q

As pressure potential increases, water potential ___________.

A

increases

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38
Q

As pressure potential decreases, water potential ___________.

A

decreases

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39
Q

In an ________ system the pressure potential is ZERO –> water potential ______ solute potential

A

OPEN, equals

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40
Q

Small molecules pass ______ across a cell membrane

A

freely

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41
Q

What are three examples of small molecules that can pass across a membrane?

A

N2, O2, CO2

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42
Q

movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration

A

diffusion

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43
Q

Small amounts of very ______ molecules, like water, can diffuse across a cell membrane

A

polar

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44
Q

movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration through TRANSPORT PROTEINS

A

facilitated diffusion

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45
Q

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

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46
Q

Large quantities of water move via ____________.

A

aquaporins

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47
Q

Differences in relative solute concentrations can facilitate _________

A

osmosis

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48
Q

net movement of molecules down their concentration gradient

A

passive transport

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49
Q

the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient

A

active transport

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50
Q

Active transport moves molecules and or ions against their concentration gradient from _____ concentration to _____ concentration

A

LOW, HIGH

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51
Q

carrier proteins used in active transport

A

protein pumps

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52
Q

Active transport requires _________ energy (such as ATP).

A

metabolic

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53
Q

Active transport establishes and maintains ___________ __________.

A

concentration gradients

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54
Q

Name the process:

The cell uses energy to take in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles derived from the plasma membrane

A

endocytosis

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55
Q

Name the process

The cell’s internal vesicles use energy to fuse with the plasma membrane and secrete large macromolecules out of the cell

A

exocytosis

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56
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

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57
Q

_________ ________ is the net movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without direct input of metabolic energy.

A

Passive transport

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58
Q

Via simple diffusion, water is transported in ____ amounts

A

small

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59
Q

Via facilitated diffusion, water is transported in ________ amounts through _________

A

large, aquaporins

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60
Q

______ ________ requires the direct input of energy to move molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration.

A

active transport

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61
Q

Large molecules and large molecules are moved INTO the cell by ________.

A

endocytosis

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62
Q

Large molecules and large molecules are moved OUT OF the cell by ________.

A

exocytosis

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63
Q

Phospholipids are _____________.

A

amphipathic

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64
Q

Phospholipids have a _________ ________ head and _______ ___________ tail.

A

polar hydrophillic, nonpolar hydrophobic

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65
Q

Phospholipids spontaneously forms a ______ in an AQUEOUS environment

A

bi-layer

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66
Q

Selective permeability is a direct consequence of ________ ______

A

membrane structure

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67
Q

What are the two types of transport proteins?

A

channel and carrier

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68
Q

What type of transport protein spans membrane and changes shape to bring molec. into cell?

A

carrier

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69
Q

What type of transport protein is a hydrophilic tunnel that allows small molecules to move through?

A

channel

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70
Q

What cell organelle:
- is the boundary between cell and environment
- controls transport of materials in and out cell

A

cell membrane

71
Q

What are the two types of embedded protein?

A

peripheral and integral

72
Q

Embedded proteins can be _______ or ________.

A

hydrophilic or hydrophobic

73
Q

an embedded protein that is loosely bound to the exterior of the cell membrane

A

peripheral protein

74
Q

A peripheral protein is HYROPHILIC with ______ ______ _______ groups

A

charged polar side

75
Q

A peripheral protein is HYDROPHILIC with ______ ______ _______ groups

A

charged polar side

76
Q

an embedded protein that spans the cell membrane

A

integral protein

77
Q

A peripheral protein is:

  • HYDROPHILIC with ______ ______ _______ groups
  • HYDROPHOBIC with ______ side groups

and:

__________ hydrophobic interior of bilayer

A

charge polar side, nonpolar, penetrates

78
Q

The structure of the cell membrane is called a ________ _______. It is not _______ because it is joined by _________ interactions, which are weaker than covalent bonds.

A

fluid bilayer, static, hydrophobic

79
Q

A steroid type found between phospholipid layer and cell surface

A

cholestrol

80
Q

regulates bilayer fluidity under different conditions

A

cholesterol

81
Q

Diversity and loca. of carbs and lipids enable them to function as _____________.

A

markers

82
Q

What are the six functions of embedded proteins?

A

(1) Transport
(2) Cell-cell recog.
(3) Enzymatic activity
(4) Signal transduction
(5) Intercellular joining
(6) Attachment for extracellular matrix or cytoskeleton

83
Q

A protein that forms an ion channel through a membrane is most likely

A

a transmembrane protein

84
Q

_______ function as recognition sites for interactions between cells

A

glycolipids

85
Q

______________ is the driving force for BOTH facilitated and simple diffusion.

A

Concentration gradient

86
Q

a passive process during which molecules move from a region of higher to lower concentration

A

Diffusion

87
Q

What is the cholesterol in the cell membrane?

A

It stabilizes the cell membrane

88
Q

composed of ribosomal RNA and protein. They help to synthesize proteins.

A

ribosomes

89
Q

provides mechanical support and plays a role in intracellular transport 🚕

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

90
Q

What are the two types of ER?

A

Rough and smooth

91
Q

helps to compartmentalize the cell and helps to carry out protein synthesis in the ribosomes.

A

Rough ER

92
Q

helps in detoxification and lipid production

A

Smooth ER

93
Q
  • a membrane-bound organelle that is composed of several flattened membrane sacs
  • vital in the final stages of preparing a protein. - helps correctly folding and modifying protein as needed
  • packages 📦 proteins
A

Golgi Complex

94
Q
  • helps with ATP production
  • has a small set of its own DNA 🧬
  • a double membrane organelle
  • its outer membrane is a smooth phospholipid bilayer
  • its inner membrane is highly convoluted, (highly folded) which increases the surface area for a growing number of electron transport chains
A

Mitochondria

95
Q

The mitochondria’s increase in _____ ________ facilitates the production of ATP.

A

surface area

96
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

A

mitochondria

97
Q

What is the first step of cellular respiration?
It occurs with or without _____.
It does NOT occur in the ______.

A

glycolysis; oxygen; mitochondria

98
Q

After the completion of glycolysis, the rest of cellular respiration occurs in the ___________, given that __________ is present.

A

mitochondria; oxygen

99
Q

Where does the Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle occur?

A

matrix of mitochondria

100
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation, with the help of the electron transport chain, occurs in the _______ ________.

A

inner membrane (of mitochondria)

101
Q
  • membrane-enclosed sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes
    • these enzymes = digestive enzymes –> help to break down 🚮 excess or worn-out cell parts
  • help with programmed cell death ☠️, apoptosis
A

lysosomes

102
Q
  • a membrane-bound sac that has many different roles including:
    storage + release of macromolecules and waste
A

vacuole

103
Q

Plants 🌱 have a specialized large central vacuole that also serves many functions. The primary function of the large central vacuole is ____ ______.

A

water retention

104
Q

Water retention is important for _____ ______.

A

turgor pressure

105
Q
  • photosynthetic algae and plants contain specialized organelles that can photosynthesize (capture, store, and use solar energy ⚡️) and make simple sugars
  • have double membrane and thylakoids = flattened sacs with a phospholipid bilayer.
A

chloroplasts

106
Q

Plants cells have BOTH chloroplasts AND _________

A

mitochondria

107
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

chloroplast

108
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

light-dependent ☀️ and light-independent 🌓

109
Q

The light-DEPENDENT reaction of photosynthesis occurs in the _______ and produces the _____ and ______ necessary for the light-independent reaction.

A

grana; ATP, NADPH

110
Q

The light-INDEPENDENT reaction of photosynthesis is where the _______ ______ takes place and ______ is fixed to make simple ______.

A

Calvin-Benson, carbon, sugars

111
Q

In what type of microscopy are animal cells visible?

A

light

112
Q

type of electron microscopy - slices through nucleus with a diamond blade

A

transmission

113
Q

type of electron microscopy - scans electrons on surface of cell and produces 3D image of organelles

A

scanning

114
Q

What is the only thing that can leave the nucleus?

A

RNA

115
Q

Animal cells have multiple mito_______.

Plant cells have multiple chloro_______ and mito_________.

A

chondria; plasts, chondria

116
Q

What is the biggest organelle in the plant cell?

A

central vacuole

117
Q

Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic:
- DNA
- Ribosomes
- Golgi and ER?

A

Eukaryotic | Prokaryotic
- contained in membrane | - free
- regular | - smaller 70s rib.
- yes | - no

118
Q

Free living prokaryotic cells ate by primitive pro-eukaryotic cells to become mitochondria and chloroplasts seperately

A

endosymbiotic theory

119
Q

a membrane bound sac

A

vesicles

120
Q

What is the shape of vesicles, including vacuoles, contractile vacuoles, lysosomes, and peroxisomes?

A

circle

121
Q

large vesicle, function varies; found in animal and plant cells

A

vacuoles

122
Q

found in protists and other things; helps regulate temperature in paramecium

A

contractile vacuole

123
Q

vesicle with enzymes that remove H+ found in plants and animals

A

peroxisomes

124
Q

What human organs should have a higher amount of peroxisomes?

A
  1. Liver
  2. Kidney
  3. Lungs
125
Q

Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own ______.

A

DNA

126
Q

type of phospholipid in phospholipid bilayer/cell membrane:
- one or more double bonds create a “kink” or bend that pushes phospholipids in cell membrane apart and make more liquidy

A

unsaturated

127
Q

Kinks make the cell _______.

A

weaker

128
Q

The more compact your membrane is, the more ______ it is.

A

sturdy

129
Q

type of phospholipid in phospolipid bilayer/cell membrane:
- normal and no kinks

A

saturated

130
Q

Low temperatures cause phospholipids to draw closer to each other. Cholesterol pushes the phospholipids _______ from each other.

A

away

131
Q

Higer temperatures cause phospholipids to drift farther from each other. Cholesterol pushes the phosphlipids ________ to each other.

A

close

132
Q

What does cholesterol do for the cell membrane?

A

Stabilizes it

133
Q

At low temperatures, cholesterol prevents the membrane from ______.

A

hardening

134
Q

At high temperatures, cholesterol keeps membrane _______.

A

solid

135
Q

_______, ________ molecules can pass through the cell membrane through simple diffusion

A

small, hydrophobic (non-polar)

136
Q

channel proteins that only allow water in (passive transport)

A

aquaporin

137
Q

not really an organelle - a clump of DNA that produces ribosomes

A

nucleolus

138
Q

The inside of a transport protein is likely to be ________.

A

hydrophillic

139
Q

Protein CHANNELS allow ______, ______ molecules or polar molecules to cross the plasma membrane. __________ amino acids will line the inner portion of the channel to allow this movement.

A

small, charged, hydrophillic

140
Q

What three organelles display folded structures which allows them to function more efficiently?

A

The Golgi complex, mitochondria, chloroplast, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

141
Q

Prokarya do not have ____________ or __________.

A

mitochondira, chloroplasts

142
Q

Facilitated diffusion is an example of _________ transport. The movement of water across a cell membrane _______ require energy but it is facilitated or helped through _______ membrane proteins.

A

passive, doesn’t, aquaporin

143
Q

A mutation causes the membrane of a lysosome to become leaky. Describe a result of this:

A

Hydrolytic enzymes leak into the cytoplasm causing digestion of vital proteins.

144
Q

The lysosomal membrane separates __________ enzymes from the _______. Without this membrane, hydrolytic enzymes are capable of __________ essential components in the cytosol.

A

hydrolytic, cystol, destroying

145
Q

This organelle contains a double membrane which provides compartmentalization to separate different metabolic reactions

A

mitochondria

146
Q

The water potential of pure water is:

A

0

147
Q

PURE water DOES NOT contain any _______. As solutes are added to a solution, water potential becomes MORE ______.

A

solute, negative

148
Q

epidermal pores on a plant’s surface that are essential for the control of water balance in plants

A

stomata

149
Q
  • located in the leaf epidermis
  • form stomatal pores, which regulate CO2 influx from the atmosphere into the leaves for photosynthetic carbon fixation
  • regulate water loss of plants via transpiration to the atmosphere by closing/opening stomata
A

guard cells

150
Q

Osmoregulation in plants occurs by

A

the work of guard cells

151
Q

the process of regulating water potential in order to keep fluid and electrolyte balance within a cell or organism relative to the surrounding

A

osmoregulation

152
Q

The membrane of the chloroplast is _______ permeable.

A

FREELY

153
Q

stacks of thylakoids

A

grana

154
Q

the site of photochemical or LIGHT-DEPENDENT reactions of photosynthesis

A

thylakoid

155
Q

Increased folding increases efficiency for________ __________ reactions, and all reactions in the chloroplast.

A

light-dependent

156
Q

Fluid between the inner chloroplast membrane and outside thylakoids

CARBON FIXATION (CALVIN CYCLE) REACTIONS OCCUR HERE

A

stroma

157
Q

________ captures energy from macromolecules.

A

Mitochondria

158
Q

Some viral infections can lead to the rupture of the lysosome membrane. Which prediction of the effect of this disruption of cellular compartmentalization is most likely correct?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes will be released, which will cause cell death.

159
Q

Gaucher disease is an inherited disorder in which cells of the body are unable to break down a particular type of lipid, resulting in a buildup of the lipid in some tissues and organs.

Based on the information provided, Gaucher disease results most directly from a defect in the function of which of the following organelles?

A

The lysosome

160
Q

The _________ contains specific enzymes used to break down a variety of molecules and cellular waste products.

A

lysosome

161
Q

Testosterone is a small steroid hormone that is important in cell signaling. Which of the following describes where testosterone enters a cell and why it is able to cross at that point?

A

testosterone is nonpolar and can diffuse through the membrane.

162
Q

Researchers investigate the transport of a certain protein into cells by endocytosis. In an experiment, the researchers incubate the cells in the presence of the protein and measure the amount of the protein that is absorbed into the cells over a five-minute period.

Based on their observations, what should the researchers do to further clarify how the availability of the protein outside the cells affects the rate of endocytosis of the protein?

A

Incubate the cells in the presence of several different concentrations of the protein.

163
Q

Which of the following transport mechanisms will be affected most directly by a temporary shortage of ATP molecules inside the cell?

A

The transport of glucose molecules against a concentration gradient

164
Q

Photosynthesis is a process used by both _________ and some _________.

A

eukaryotes (algae and plants), prokaryotes (cyanobacteria)

165
Q

Which of the following observations best supports the claim that mitochondria evolved from once-free-living prokaryotic cells by the process of endocytosis?

A

Mitochondria has a double membrane

166
Q

The double membranes of mitochondria provide evidence that an ancestor of mitochondria, which was most likely a type of free-living ______ ________, was ingested via endocystosis by a ________ eukaryotic cell.

A

aerobic bacterium, primitive

167
Q

Beetroot cells contain a family of dark red pigments called betalains. The selectively permeable nature of the beetroot cells keeps the internal environment of the cell separate from the external environment of the cell. Researchers are interested in determining whether the selective permeability of beetroot cells is due to the cell membrane or if it is due to the cell wall.

Exposure to cellulase is known to damage the structure of the cell wall. An experiment is set up in which beetroot cells are placed in an aqueous solution with cellulase and in one without cellulase.

Which of the following results best refutes the alternative hypothesis that selective permeability is a consequence of the cell wall?

A

When beetroot cells are placed in a solution with cellulase, the solution remains clear.

168
Q

Cellulase digests _______ and damages the structure of the cell _____, not the cell ________. The lack of color change in the solution indicates that the betalain is not leaking out of the beetroot cells even though the cell wall has been damaged. This refutes the alternative hypothesis.

A

cellulose, wall, membrane

169
Q

Why do the hydrolytic enzymes released by lysosomes when they fuse with damaged organelles do not continue to act on other health functioning organelles are the targeted organelle is broken down and recycled?

A

Enzymes of lysosomes = acidic pH for functional shape

alkaline pH of cytosol quickly denatures them

170
Q

A researcher studying membrane dynamics fuses two small cubiodal cells together to form one cell. What happens to the cell due to the altered SA:V?

A

The cell will have difficulty taking in and eliminating nutrients and waste materials.

171
Q

The HYDROPHOBIC tails of the cell membrane phospholipid bilayer prevent large quantities of ______ from entering the cell without _______ _______.

A

water, transport proteins

172
Q

The HYDROPHILLIC heads of the cell membrane phospholipid bilayer allow large quantities of ______ from entering the cell without _______ _______.

A

small, nonpolar molecules; transport proteins

173
Q

Potassium ions (K+) will use ______ diffusion to travel ACROSS GRADIENT to the less concentrated, HYPOTONIC cell solution

A

facilitated

174
Q

Potassium ions (K+) will use ______ _______ to travel AGAINST GRADIENT to the concentrated, HYPERTONIC cell solution

A

active transport

AP Biology (3 decks)

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