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AP Bio > Unit 1: Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Unit 1: Chemistry of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Covalent Bond

A

when electrons in atoms are shared between 2 atoms in bond

nonmetals do this = CHNOPS

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2
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

OPPOSITE CHARGES (H2O WATER)

Electrons are shared UNEQUALLY meaning one atom attracts more electrons (is NEGATIVE) & other atom is positive

EX: hydrogen has a polar covalent bond w/ OXYGEN bc oxygen is partial NEG (polar) due to it attracting the electrons, making HYDROGEN POSITIVE (nonpolar)

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3
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A

EQUALLY CHARGED CH4 METHANE

Electrons are shared equally between 2 atoms in bond (NO PARTIAL CHARGES)

ex: carbon-hydrogen no partial charges (CH4 methane)

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4
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Intermolecular interaction occurs when the partial pos of H (bonded to O,N,F ex: H2O) interacts w/ the partial neg charge on a high electro neg. element = O,N,F

MADE by POLAR molecules

Ex: The partial pos charges of H in H2O create hydrogen bonds w/ the partial neg of O in another H2O molecule

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5
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

complete transfer of valence electron(s) between 2 atoms, generates two oppositely charged ions (cation & anion)
Ionic: 2 ions (+/-) bond (givers/takers) Na+Cl- Affected by environment (eg. water)
weaker than covalent
metal loses electrons to become a cation/nonmetal accepts those electrons anion

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6
Q

Water H2O

A

Polar molecule
polar covalent bonds
oxygen end = partial neg, hydrogen = partial pos
cohesive
can form up to 4 hydrogen bonds (bc O has 2 neg lone pairs & 2 pos Hydrogen atoms)

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7
Q

Methane CH4

A

Nonpolar molecule
nonpolar covalent bonds
equal sharing of electrons w/ 4 hydrogens

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8
Q

Strongest Bonds

A
  1. Covalent Bond (polar & nonpolar)
  2. Ionic Bond (2 atoms share valence e- (ions) givers(metals) & takers(nonmetals) can be affected by pos/neg environ )
  3. Hydrogen bonds (polar covalent molecule) attraction only in partial charged molecules
  • when the partial pos of h is attracted to any close neg charge, bonds broken easily (temporary/weak interaction)

ex: Ammonia NH3 dissolves in water bc hydrogen bonds made when N- attracts H+ of H20

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9
Q

Nonpolar substances

A

Hydrophobic:
oyxgen (O2), nitrogen (N2), ozone (O3), lipids, wax

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10
Q

Polar substances

A

Hydrophilic:
water, salt, ammonia (NH3), sugar, hydrogen chloride (HCL)

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11
Q

Isotopes

A

atoms of same elements w/ SAME # of protons but DIFF # of neutrons = diff masses

radioactive, tracers follow molecules, med diagnosis

uncontrolled exposure = harm

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12
Q

pH

A

power of Hydrogen

-how ACIDIC (H+) / BASIC(OH-) a solution is
-water = neutral pH 7 out of 0-14

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13
Q

How to calculate pH

A

If H+ = 10^-7, then pH = 7 & OH-=10^-7

If OH- = 10^-4 then H+ = 10^-10 & pH= 10

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14
Q

Acidic Solution

A

Lots of H+ (hydrogen ions) & only a few OH-(hydroxide ions)

H+ > OH-

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15
Q

Neutral Solution

A

Equal amounts of H+ ions & OH- ions
ex: water

H+ = OH-

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16
Q

Basic Solution

A

Lots of OH- ions & only a few H+ ions

H+ < OH-

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17
Q

Buffers

A

Minimizes changes in concentration of H+ & OH- in solution

ABSORBS H+ ions if TOO ACIDIC & ADDS H+ ions if TOO BASIC

keeps blood at pH 7.4 slightly basic to survive

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18
Q

Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate System

A

important buffers in blood plasma
too much O2, CO2 absorbs that bc breathing gets rid of carbonic acid (H2CO3)

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19
Q

Properties of Water

A

Cohesion
Surface tension
Adhesion
Transpiration
Moderation of Temp. (high specific heat, thermal energy(heat)
Evaporative Cooling
Expansion Upon Freezing
Solvent of Life

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20
Q

Cohesion

A

H-bonding between LIKE (H2O) molecules (LIKES/Works well together)

Water LIKES Water

helps plants transport water from roots, contributes to waters high boiling point which helps regulate animal temp

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21
Q

Adhesion

A

H-bonding between UNLIKE molecules (STICKY)

H2O molecules form bonds w/ other POLAR substances or CHARGED molecules

adhesion of water (H2O) to vessel walls (attraction between H20 & walls of small tubes, force helps hold the water in xylem against the pull of gravity

helps transport water from roots to leaf of plant
ex: shirt sticks to u bc ur skin has polar molecules

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22
Q

Surface Tension

A

Measure of how difficult it is to break/stretch surface of liquid (Ex: bugs walking on water)

H-bonds of molecules right below surface of water

helps insects such as water striders walk on water

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23
Q

Transpiration

A

Movement of H2O up plants
H2O clings to each other by Cohesion (like each other) cling to xylem tubes by Adhesion (sticky)

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24
Q

High Specific Heat

A

Water takes a lot of energy to break hydrogen bonds so more kinetic energy = ++heat

changes temp less when absorbs/loses heat
large bodies of water absorbs more heat = cooler coastal areas
create stable marine/land environ

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25
Evaporation (evaporative cooling)
water = high heat of vaporization so can absorb lots of heat before it becomes steam molecules w/ greatest KE leaves as gas stable temp in lakes/ponds cooler plants (mostly water) human sweat (water molecules released to absorb KE & heat from body to cool down) HOMEOSTASIS
26
Solvent of Life (like dissolves like)
solution = liquid, homeostasis mix of 2+ substances (Ex: salt water or Ocean water) Solvent: dissolving agent liquid (WATERRR) Solute: dissolved substance (ex: polar: salt) helps cells transport and use substances like oxygen or nutrients ex: our blood bc it has water in it
27
Water Floats
-less dense when solid, water floats -forms crystal lattice structure -important bc oceans & lakes do not freeze solid ~insulates water below & helps marine life ~seasonal turnover of lakes
28
Hydrophilic
Affinity (LIKES) for H20 polar, ions, cellulose, sugar, salt, blood (rly likes water), paper
29
Hydrophobic
Repel H20 (SCARED of it) non-polar oils, lipids (fats), cell membrane, wax
30
Carbon
major element of life: CHNOPS (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur) important due to its electron configuration bc able to make 4 stable covalent bonds (TETRA VALENCE) most frequent bonding partners = (H, O, N) bonds can be single, double, triple covalent bonds Tetra-valence allows them to be strung together in chains
31
Example of carbon & 4 bonds
Methane!!! CH4 = 4 covalent bonds, nonpolar & perfectly balanced/shared e-
32
Ethane
alkane - single bond (2e-)
33
Ethene
alkene - double bond (4e-)
34
Ethyne
alkyne - triple bond (6e-)
35
hydrocarbons
-combinations of C and H (methane) -nonpolar ~not soluble in water ~hydrophobic -stable -very little attraction between molecules -gas at room temp
36
Macromolecules
carbon forms large molecules w/ other elements 4 classes: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids (fats), Nucleic Acids (mRNA, DNA) ****molecules can be chains, ring-shaped, branched = lots of diff SHAPES = lots of DIFF FUNCTIONS
37
Isomers (formed by carbon)
molecules have same molecular formula, but differ in atom arrangement ex: same atoms but one= branch & other = ring diff structures/shapes = diff properties/functions
38
Structural (Isomer)
Varies in covalent arrangement
39
Cis-Trans (Isomer)
Varies in spatial arrangement (sides are diff)
40
Enantiomers (Isomer)
Mirror images of molecules (like ur hands)
41
Thalidomide
Originally enantiomer good enantiomer = reduce morning sickness can convert to bad thru enzyme converting it to weird shape = diff function bc BAD enantiomer = causes birth defects
42
Functional Groups
patterns of atoms, that display consistent “function” (properties and reactivity) regardless of the exact molecule they are found in behavior of organic molecules depends on these substitute other elements for hydrogen involved in chemical reactions give organic molecules distinctive properties affect reactivity make hydrocarbons hydrophilic increase solubility in water
43
Hydroxyl (F Group)
(OH-) hydrogen & oxygen = BASIC POLAR-like water structure POLAR Alcohols Ex: Ethanol
44
Carbonyl (F Group)
(>CO) C double bonded to O w/ 2 lone pairs Ketones (inside skeleton) & aldehydes (at ends) Ex:Acetone, Propane
45
Carboxyl (F Group)
(-COOH) POLAR Carboxylic acids, organic acids Ex: Acetic acid
46
Amino Group (F Group)
(-NH2) Amines Ex: Glycine SUPER POLAR
47
Sulfhydryl (F Group)
(-SH) POLAR Thiols Ex: Ethanethiol
48
Phosphate (F Group)
(-OPO_3^2-/ -OPO_3H_2) Organic Phosphates POLARRR (neg charge) Ex: Glycerol Phosphate
49
Methyl (F Group)
-CH3 Methylated Compounds NON POLARRRR + HYDROPHOBIC wont be able to dissolve in H2O Ex: methyl cytidine
50
Peptide Bonds
Bonds that make Amino Acids
51
Monomers
Small, Organic Used for building blocks of Polymers Connections w/ condensation RXN (DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS)
52
Polymers
Long molecules of Monomers w/ many identical/similar blocks linked by COVALENT BONDS
53
Macromolecules
BIGGGG Giant molecules 2/2+ polymers bonded together
54
Amino acid to protein
amino acid -> peptide -> polypeptide -> protein
55
Dehydration Synthesis
creates larger organic compound/molecule by joining smaller monomers (by releasing water) Condensation RXN (takes water away, makes protein) 1 monomer donates -OH, other donates H+ together forms H2O A+B = AB __ + __ = ____ + H2O Synthesis RXN
56
Hydrolysis
Digestion of organic compounds, Breaks down polymers to monomers using water opposite of dehydration syn, releases energy split off one monomer at a time H2O split into H+ & OH- AB = A + B ____ + H2O = __ + __
57
Amino Acid
compounds that make up proteins & polypeptide chains MADE OF AMINO/AMINE GROUP (-NH2) & CARBOXYL GROUP/CARBOXYLIC ACID (-COOH) properties: hydrophobic, hydrophilic, ionic (acids & bases)
58
R Group (AA)
each AA has a specific side chain attached to the alpha carbon
59
Peptide Bond
covalent bonds that hold together amino acids formed when the carboxylic acid of one amino acids reacts with the amino group of another amino acid/molecule
60
Monomers
small, organic used for building blocks of polymers connects w/ condensation RXN (dehydration synthesis)
61
Polymers
(multiple) long molecules of monomers w/ many identical/similar blocks linked by covalent bonds
62
Macromolecules
BIGG molecules 2 or more polymers bonded together
63
Proteins
large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs 50% dry weight of cells has CHNOPS
64
Primary Level of Protein Structure
linear sequence of Amino Acids abt 20 diff AAs (peptide bonds = link)
65
Secondary Level of Protein Structure
Gains 3-D shape (FOLDS, COILS) by H-BONDING alpha helix. beta pleated sheet pleated sheets = rly strong if real positive attracts O-, breaks hydrogen bond between barely pos H + HEAT breaks hydrogen bond, causing protein structure to shake bc molecules get rly hot & falls apart (wrong shape = wrong function) ALSO CHEMICAL EXPOSURE can change protein shape TOO
66
Basic Principles of Protein Folding
Hydrophobic AA buried in interior of protein (hydrophobic interactions) Hydrophilic AA exposed on surface of protein (hydrogen bonds) Acidic + Basic AA form salt bridges (ionic bonds). Cysteines can form disulfide bonds (2 SULFURS)
67
Tertiary Level of Protein Structure
Final 3D protein shape (makes bean side groups/ stacking + bends) Bonding between R groups(side chains) of amino acids hydrophobic interactions = amino acids w/ nonpolar hydrophobic R groups cluster together on the inside of the protein hydrophilic amino acids on the outside to interact w/ surrounding water molecules H bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bonds, hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals interactions
68
More info on Tertiary Structure
polar & nonpolar dont mix in proteinc -> causes bonds & diff shapes/functions sulfur likes bonding w/ sulfur (S-S covalent bond) = disulfide bond adding kinetic energy can break bonds causing changes in shape/function (curly/straight hair)
69
Disulfide bonds
covalent linkages between sulfur-containing side chains of cysteines much stronger than the other types of bonds that contribute to tertiary structure act like molecular "safety pins," keeping parts of the polypeptide firmly attached to one another
70
Quaternary Level of Protein Structure
2+ polypeptides bond together (Stack beans together) spirals & bonds = made & can meet other protein spirals/bonds & proteins interact w/ each other
71
peptide
multiple amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds, thereby forming a long chain
72
polypeptide
a polymer of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds
73
Chaperonins
assist in proper folding of proteins (ex: chaperonin =folding matt & t-shirt = protein)
74
Protein Structure & function is sensitive to...?
Chemical & Physical conditions like heat protein unfolds/denatures if pH & temperature are not optimal (falls apart) ex: cooking egg, egg proteins denatures clear->white
75
Nucleic Acids
Function: store hereditary info RNA & DNA
76
DNA
Double-stranded helix N-bases: A, G, C, Thymine Stores hereditary info Longer/larger Sugar: deoxyribose
77
RNA
Single-stranded N-bases: A, G, C, Uracil Carry info from DNA to ribosomes tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, RNAi Sugar: ribose
78
Nucleotides
monomer of DNA/RNA Sugar + Phosphate + Nitrogen Base
79
Purines
Adenine, Guanine Double RIng
80
Pyrimidines
Cytosine, Thymine (DNA) Uracil (RNA) Single ring
81
Carbohydrates
Fuel & Building material Include simple sugars (fructose) & polymers (starch) Ratio of 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 Oxygen / CH2O monosaccharide 🡪 disaccharide 🡪 polysaccharide
82
Monosaccharides
simple one monomer sugars (ex: glucose, ribose)
83
Polysaccharides
large polymer sugars Storage (plants-starch, animals-glycogen) Structure (plant-cellulose, arthropod-chitin) (Differ in position & orientation of glycosidic linkage)
84
2 forms of Glucose
alpha glucose & beta glucose
85
Starch
links 1-4 alpha glucose monomers
86
Cellulose
links 1-4 Beta glucose monomers
87
Denature
Protein breakdown/unfolding, (polypeptide chains disordered) CHANGING its 3D structure/shape & FUNCTION can happen bc of heat/chemicals (changes in pH) acid H+ & bases OH-(chemicals/ph change ruins protein)
88
Conformation
How proteins reach final state
89
Nucleic acids
store hereditary info DNA & RNA
90
DNA
Double stranded helix N-bases: A, G, C, Thymine Longer, Larger Sugar: Deoxyribose (nonpolar) pass onto children
91
RNA
Single strand N-bases: A,G,C, Uracil Shorter, diff uses HRNA, rRNA, mRNA, RNAi Sugar: Ribose (more polar) dont pass down to children, they make their own
92
Nucleotide
Monomer of DNA & RNA, held together by hydrogen bonds has phosphates A-T G-C (DNA), U-T, G-C (RNA) held together by hydrogen bonds BUT phosphate (P bonded to 4 O's = covalent bond) sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base (A,T,G,C,U)
93
DNA cells/DNA strands are held together by? why?
HYDROGEN BONDS bc needs to be able to split (every once in a while) to make more, makes them more easily accessible, & hydrogen bonds = somewhat stable two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between pairs of nitrogenous bases
94
DNA, RNA, Proteins
DNA makes RNA, RNA makes proteins!! Change DNA, changes RNA, changes Proteins, changes functions!! mutations = crazy changes (cancer, defects)
95
Carbohydrates
carbon hydrated by water fuel & building material simple sugars (fructose) & polymers (Starch) ratio of 1 carbon: 2 hydrogens: 1 oxygen or CH2O monoSaccharide(Sugar), dissacharide, polysacharide
96
monosaccharide
monomers (ex: glucose, ribose)
97
polysaccharide
immediate fuel and energy (storage) plants make starch, animals make glycogen (structure) plants make cellulose, arthropod makes chitin
98
Isomer
same chemistry makeup/formula but is connected/shaped diff long sugars make rings structure (stable, diff functions, soluble in water)
99
Glucose Bonded w/ Glucose (important) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose
take away h2o (dehydration synthesis - condensation RXN) = C12, H22, O11 bc it wouldve been C6H12O6 * 2 but take away 2 H's & 1 O = Maltose
100
Glucose Bonded w/ Fructose (important) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose
take away h2o (dehydration synthesis - condensation RXN) = (C6H12O6 + C6H12O6) - H2O = C12, H22, O11 Sucrose
101
Maltose & Sucrose Fructose & Glucose
Isomers
102
2 Forms of Glucose
Alpha Glucose & Beta Glucose Isomers & reversible js diff shape (OH) = diff function
103
Starch
Alpha glucose monomers uneven, POLAR, ex: binders stacked = chemical arrangement same spine side stacked = slides off
104
Cellulose
Beta glucose monomers even, LESS Polar Binders: arranged = chemical arrangement oppositely so binder to end and stays put = diff, diff functions)
105
Lipids (fats)
triglyceride = store energy (nonpolar) water doesn't mess w/ it body stores extra energy as fat bc water doesn't mess w/ it (hard to make into energy but sugar = easy) saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated
106
Steroids
cholesterol & hormones (chemical messengers travel thru blood) so bc fat = nonpolar, doesnt dissolve in blood (mostly water)
107
Phospholipids
lipid bilayer of cell membrane (so cells have stable structure & bc body made up of water) hydrophilic head + hydrophobic tail
108
are fat molecules polar or nonpolar? methyl group?
NONPOLAR methyl groups binded together & build up doesnt like blood (polar) but binds together bc nonpolar likes nonpolar
109
Van der Wall Interactions/Forces
nonpolar, long, = stable driven by induced electrical interactions between 2 or more atoms or molecules that are very close to each other weakest of all intermolecular attractions between molecules
110
Saturated fats
flat & more stable bonded w/ H solid at room temp = butter, lard
111
unsaturated fats
curves & cant stack vanderwall interactions = weak & unstable in room temp (liquid)
112
phospholipid
hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions make phospholipid layer
113
The backbones/sides of DNA are made up of alternating ?
sugar & phosphate molecules which are held together by strong covalent bonds
114
The steps/rungs of DNA are made up of ?
Pairs of Nitrogenous bases held together by weaker hydrogen bonds that allow for splitting to make more DNA, more accessible
115
What is stronger G-C or A-T?
G-C bc they have 3 hydrogen bonds holding them together A-T only has 2 hydrogen bonds holding them together
116
What bond is most strongly affected by water?
Ionic bond
117
What would happen if we add methyl group to CH4 or non polar groups in proteins?
The protein will be less soluble, & change shape bc linear sequence (primary structure changes so function changes badly = blood clots & sickle cell anemia (dents)
118
what happens when theres a variant in protein where amino acid in primary sequence is changed to something non polar?
when oxygen levels = low, altered hemoglobin molecules bond together & distort shape of red blood cells, creating abnormal (dented) sickle cells, hydrophobic interactions between protein -> clump together (oxygen carrying capacity reduced), deforms red blood cell & function changes bc no longer can transport oxygen w/ weird shape thru blood stream
118
Phosphorus in?
nucleic acids & lipids

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