Unit 3: Cellular Energetics Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
Metabolism
A
ALL CHEMICAL RXNS: Totality of an organism’s chemical rxns
Manage materials & Energy resources of a cell
EX: apoptosis, growing hair, being awake/alive, digestion
2
Q
Metabolism RXNs
A
A (start molecule) -> RXN 1 (enzyme A) -> RXN 2 (enzyme B) -> RXN 3 (enzyme C) -> D (product)
Each RXN has own enzyme w/ diff shapes for diff functions
Enzymes dont get used up in RXN js help facilitate them
3
Q
Catabolic Pathway
A
Release Energy by BREAKING down
complex molecules into simpler compounds (gain energy)
Ex: digestive enzymes break down food -> release Energy, Hydrolysis, weightloss pills
4
Q
Anabolic Pathway
A
CONSUME Energy to BUILD complex
molecules from simpler ones
Ex: amino acids link to form muscle protein, Dehydration synthesis, Steroids
5
Q
Energy
A
Capacity to DO WORK
6
Q
Kinetic Energy
A
Movement, Energy associated w/ Motion
Ex: HEAT (thermal energy) is KE associated w/ random movement of atoms or molecules (how fast molecules are moving)
7
Q
Potential Energy
A
Position-based ex: Someone at top of Building, STORED energy as a result of its position/ structure
Ex: Chemical energy is PE available for release
8
Q
Energy can be…
A
ONLY converted from 1 form to another (Never created/destroyed)
Ex: chemical -> mechanical -> electrical (forms of PE)
9
Q
Thermodynamics
A
Study of Energy Transformations that occur in matter
10
Q
Closed System
A
Isolated from its surroundings
(ex: liquid in a thermos)
11
Q
Open System
A
Energy & Matter can be TRANSFERRED between system & surrounding
Ex: organisms
12
Q
1st Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of E)
A
Energy of Universe = Constant
E CANT be created or destroyed only transformed/transferred
13
Q
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
A
Every E transfer/transformation, increase Entropy (disorder) of universe
During every E transfer/ transformation, some
E is unusable, often LOST as HEAT
14
Q
Free Energy
A
Part of system’s E available to perform work
ΔG = change in free energy
15
Q
Exergonic RXN
A
Energy is RELEASED
Spontaneous RXN
ΔG < 0
Hydrolysis/Catabolic
16
Q
Endergonic RXN
A
Energy is REQUIRED
Absorb Free energy
ΔG > 0
Dehydration Synthesis/Anabolic
17
Q
Is a living cell at Equilibrium?
A
NO, constant flow of materials in/out of cell
18
Q
What 3 types of WORK do cells do?
A
Mechanical, Transport, Chemical
19
Q
What is coupling?
A
Cells MANAGE Energy resources to do WORK by Energy coupling
Using an Exergonic process (up) to drive an Endergonic one (Rollercoaster)
20
Q
ATP
A
(Adenosine TriPhosphate)
Cell’s MAIN Energy source in Energy Coupling
Adenine + ribosomes + 3 phosphates (Ex: Nucleic Acids)
21
Q
How does pH affect enzymes?
A
Changing the pH outside of this range will slow enzyme activity. Extreme pH values can cause enzymes to denature.
22
Q
How does temperature affect enzymes?
A
Raising temperature generally speeds up a reaction, and lowering temperature slows down a reaction
Extreme high temperatures can cause an enzyme to lose its shape (denature) and stop working
23
Q
How does Hydrolysis affect bonds between phosphate groups of ATP?
A
When the bonds between the phosphate groups are broken by hydrolysis → Energy is released
*Release of E comes from Chemical Change to State of Lower Free E, NOT in the Phosphate Bonds themselves
24
Q
How ATP Preforms WORK
A
Exergonic release of Pi is used to do the Endergonic work of cell
When ATP is hydrolyzed, it becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
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Transport Work
ATP phosphorylates Transport Proteins
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Mechanical Work
ATP Binds non-covalently to motor proteins & then is HYDROLYZED -> Pi + ADP (walking protein)
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Catalyst
Substance that can change Rate of a RXN W/OUT being altered in the process (by lowering activation energy)
ex: Enzyme = biological catalyst
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Example of Catalyst
Sucrase BREAKS apart Sucrose enzyme, hydrolysis)
Speeds up Metabolic RXN by lowering activation Energy (needed to start RXN by breaking bonds)
W/O Enzyme = slower & less efficient
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Substrate Specificity of Enzymes
The reactant that an Enzyme acts on is called the enzyme's substrate
The enzyme binds to its substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex
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Active site of Enzyme
Region on Enzyme where
substrate binds
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Cycle of Enzyme
1) Substrates enters Enzyme's Active site
2) Substrates held in Active Site by weak interactions
3) Substrates -> converted to products
4) Products are released
5) Active site available for new substrates
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Induced Fit
Enzyme fits SNUGLY AROUND SUBSTRATE
“CLASPING HANDSHAKE”
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Enzyme's Activity can be Affected by?
Temperature, pH, Chemicals
bc Enzyme = protein & denatures sp ruins shape/function
Ex: stomach = low pH (acidic) so can digest stuff by enzymes
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Cofactors
Nonprotein Enzyme helpers such as minerals (Ex: Zn, Fe, Cu) (bc body needs control)
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Coenzymes
Organic Cofactors (ex: vitamins)
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Enzyme Inhibitors
Competitive & Noncompetitive
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Competitive Inhibitor
Binds to the Active Site of an
enzyme, competes w/ substrate (which will eventually win) & Enzyme will work again
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Noncompetitive Inhibitor
Binds to Another part of Enzyme -> changes shape -> Active Site is Nonfunctional (SHUTS ENZYME DOWN FOREVER) bc substrate wont ever bump out noncompetitive (changes shape/function) Until enzyme destroyed
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Regulation of Enzyme Activity
To regulate metabolic pathways, the cell switches on/off genes that encode specific enzymes
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Allosteric Regulation
DIFF SHAPE REGULATOR
Protein’s Function at one site
is affected by binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site (allosteric site)
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Activator
Stabilizes Active Site
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Inhibitor
Stabilizes Inactive form
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Cooperativity
One substrate triggers shape change in other active sites → Increase catalytic activity
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Feedback Inhibition
Series of Enzyme & RXN need to turn off/on certain things for balance
END PRODUCT of a Metabolic pathway shuts down Pathway by Binding to the Allosteric site of an enzyme
Prevent wasting chemical resources, increase efficiency
of cell
EX: make stomach pepsin & acid only when eating to digest food
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Another Example of Feedback Inhibition
Threonine turns into isoleucine -> isoleucine shuts off threonine when enough bc wont have any more threonine (no waste) only makes more isoleucine when necessary no overproduction
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How does chemicals denature enzymes?
competitive & noncompetitive inhibitors! MAINLY noncompetitive dont compete w/ substrate
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In Open Systems, Plant Cells Require E to Preform Work (Chemical, Transport, Mechanical)
1) E flows into ecosystem as sunlight
2) Autotrophs (self, eat) transform it -> chemical E (O2 released as byproduct)
3) Cells use some of Chemical E in organic molecules to make ATP
4) Extra E LEAVES as HEAT
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* Complex Organic Molecules
Take Catabolic (break down) pathway to make simpler waste products w/ less E & some E used to do work & dissipated as HEAT
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Cellular Respiration (Exergonic Releases E) - EQ:
C6H12O6(glucose) + 6O2(oxygen) → 6H2O(water) + 6CO2 (carbon dioxide)+ ATP (+ heat)
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Photosynthesis (Endergonic, Requires/Absorbs E)
6H2O(water) + 6CO2(carbon dioxide) + Light (sun) → C6H12O6(glucose) + 6O2(oxygen)
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***** Why is Oxygen important?
TERMINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR
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Energy Harvest
Energy is released as electrons “fall” from organic molecules to O2
Steps: Food (Glucose) → NADH → ElectronTransportChain → Oxygen
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Steps of Energy Harvest
1) Coenzyme NAD+ = electron acceptor
2) NAD+ picks up 2e- and 2H+ → NADH (stores E)
3) NADH carries electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC)
4) ETC: transfers e- to O2 to make H2O ; releases energy (ATP!!!)
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NAD+ acts AS?
Electron Shuttle: energy from food, rips hydrogens & electrons from them
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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Gains Free E from hydrogens (high in lipids = lots of calories)
Cellular Respiration: (Controlled steps) Slowly Releases Energy instead of explosion (uncontrolled) = staying alive
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Stages of Cellular Respiration
1) Glycolysis
2) Pyruvate Oxidation + Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle)
3) Oxidation Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain & Chemiosmosis)
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Glycolysis
AKA Fermentation
Glyco = Glucose, Lys = break
(but glucose doesnt break stuff)
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
oxidizing stuff but using Hydrogen to tell phosphores to rejoin party
etc + chemiosmosis
MAKES WAY MORE ATP
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Glycolysis
“Sugar Splitting”
Believed to be Ancient (early prokaryotes - no
O2 available)
Occurs in cytosol (no O2 before photosynthesis)
Partially oxidizes glucose (6Carbons) TO GET 2 pyruvates (3Carbons)
Net gain: 2 ATP + 2NADH (electron carrier) +2H+
Also makes 2 H2O water
NO O2 required
2 Stages: Energy Investment Stage, Energy Payoff Stage
produces 2 pyruvates for pyruvate oxidation
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Energy Payoff Stage
Two 3-Carbon compounds oxidized
For each glucose molecule:
2 Net ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation
2 molecules of NAD+ →NADH (electron carriers)
ADDS Phosphores by threatening (no energy needed)
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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Generate SMALL amount of ATP
Phosphorylation: enzyme transfers a phosphate to other compounds P+ compound (inorganic)
ADP + Pi (inorganic phosphate) → ATP
GETS 2 ATP
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Energy Investment Stage
Part 1 Of Glycolysis
Cell uses ATP to phosphorylate compounds of glucose
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Inputs & Outputs of Glycolysis
(Energy Investment) ATP -> phosphorylate glucose
(Energy Payoff) Inputs: 2 NAD+ -> Output: 2NADH & 2H+ & 2H2O
(Substrate level Phosphorylation)
Inputs: ADP + Pi -> Output: 2 ATP
Glucose(6-C) -> 2 Pyruvates (3-C)
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What are protons referring to?
H+ ions
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Stage 2: Pyruvate Oxidation
Pyruvate from glycolysis → Acetyl CoA (used to make citrate + Co2
CO2 & NADH produced
occurs in mitochondria cristae, cytosol -> cristae
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Inputs & Outputs of Pyruvate Oxidation
Inputs: NAD+ -> Output: NADH & CO2
Input: Pyruvate -> Acetyl CoA (makes citrate)
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Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs)
Occurs in mitochondrial matrix from pyruvate: 2 Acetyl CoA → 2 Citrate → 6 Co2 released
Net gain: 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6CO2 (electron carrier NADH more efficient than FADH)
ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation
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Inputs & Outputs of Citric Acid Cycle (krebs)
Inputs: 2 pyruvate -> 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 ocoxaloacetate (forms citrate)
Outputs: 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 6CO2, 2 FADH2
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Stage 3: Oxidative Phosphorylation
Involves ETC & Chemiosmosis
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Electron Transport Chain (ETC) (in OP)
occurs in mitochondria inner membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
produces 26-28 ATP (MOST of all stages) by oxidative phosphorylation via chemiosmosis
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Chemiosmosis in OP
H+ ions pumped across
inner mitochondrial
membrane
H+ diffuse back into ATP
synthase (protein) only if make ATP for use (ADP → ATP)
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ETC
Collection of molecules embedded in inner membrane of mitochondria
Tightly-bound protein + non protein components
Alternate between reduced/oxidized states as accept/donate e-
DOES NOT make ATP directly
Eases fall of e- from food to O2
2H+ +1/2 O2 -> MAKES WATER
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ETC (CATFISHING) in OP
NADH catfishes H+ bc carries e- from food that attracts H+ OUT to intermembrane space thru proton pumps in proteins to cross hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer
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Chemiosmosis: ENERGY COUPLING MECHANISM
Chemiosmosis = H+ gradient across
membrane drives cellular work (ONLY lets IN H+ back into matrix if MAKE ATP)
Proton-motive force allows
ATP synthase (enzyme): MAKES ATP by Energy from proton (H+) gradient –flow of H+ back into matrix
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Overall View of Oxidative Phosphorylation
Uses chemiosmosis which couples proton gradient aka proton motive force -> drives H+ thru ATP Synthase to produce ATP -> uses E -> for redox RXN of ETC -> where e- passed down E levels to (H+ pumped from matrix to intermembrane space of proton gradient) -> terminal e- acceptor (O2) + makes H2O
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ATP yield per molecule of glucose at each stage of cellular respiration
Glycolysis: 2 ATP
Cyctric Acid (Krebs cycle): 2 ATP
Oxidative Phosphorylation: 26-28 ATP
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Anaerobic Respiration
Generate ATP using other e- acceptors besides O2
Final e- acceptors: sulfate (SO4), nitrate, sulfur (produces H2S)
Ex: Obligate anaerobes: can’t survive in O2
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Facultative anaerobes
Make ATP by Aerobic
Respiration (with O2 present) or switch to Fermentation (no O2 available)
Ex: human muscle cells
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Fermentation
Glycolysis + Regeneration of NAD+ when O2 is NOT present
pyruvate -> ethanol, lactate etc
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Types of Fermentation
Alchohol & Lactic Acid
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Alchohol Fermentation
Takes pyruvate -> Ethanol + CO2
ex: bacteria & yeast
used for brewing, winemaking, baking
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
Pyruvate -> Lactate (lactic acid)
ex: fungi, bacteria, human muscle cells
used to make cheese, yogurt, acetone, methanol
note: lactate build-up does NOT cause muscle fatigue & pain
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Glycolysis WITHOUT O2 (terminal e- acceptor)
FERMENTATION
Keep glycolysis going by regenerating NAD+
Occurs in cytosol
No oxygen needed
Creates ethanol [+CO2] or lactate
2 ATP (from glycolysis)
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Glycolysis WITH O2 present (terminal e- acceptor)
RESPIRATION
Release E from breakdown of food w/ O2
Occurs in mitochondria
O2 required (final electron acceptor)
Produces CO2, H2O & up to 32 ATP
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Various sources of fuel
Carbohydrates, fats & proteins can ALL be used as fuel for Cellular
Respiration
Monomers enter glycolysis / citric acid cycle at different points
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Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
Allosteric (alter protein activity) enzyme that controls rate of glycolysis & citric acid cycle
Inhibited by ATP, citrate
Stimulated by AMP
AMP+ P + P →ATP
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Big Picture of Cellular Respiration
Energy -> Glycolysis (cytosol) -> substrate-level phosphorylation
ALSO Glycolysis w/ O2 -> Pyruvate Oxidation -> Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle -> substrate-level phosphorylation +
-> Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC & Chemiosmosis)
Glycolysis anaerobic w/o O2 -Fermentation (cytosol) -> Ethanol + CO2 (yeast some bacteria) OR Lactic Acid
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Photosynthesis in Nature
Plants and other autotrophs are producers of biosphere
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Photoautotrophs
Use light E (sun) to make organic molecules
(Eats energy from sun)
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Heterotrophs
Consume organic molecules from other organisms for E and carbon (eats other things)
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Photosynthesis
Converts light energy to Chemical Energy of food
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Chloroplasts
Sites of photosynthesis in plants
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Sites of Photosynthesis
Mesophyll, Stomata, Chloroplast
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Mesophyll
Chloroplasts mainly found in these cells of leaf
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Stomata
Pores in leaf (CO2 enter/O2 exits)
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Chlorophyll
Green pigment in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts (absorbs sunlight)
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Photosynthesis EQ
6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Redox Reaction: water is split → e- transferred with H+ to CO2 → sugar
Remember: OILRIG
Oxidation: lose e-
Reduction: gain e-
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Tracking atoms through photosynthesis
Evidence that chloroplasts split water molecules allowed researchers to track atoms through photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis def
Light Reactions + Calvin Cycle
“photo” “synthesis” (make)
Endergonic (absorbs sun E) & Anabolic builds glucose
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Overall Photosynthesis Image
In chloroplast, light & H2O enter into thykaloid stacks w/ Chlorophyll (LIGHT RXNs) -> gives off O2 + gives ATP & NADH -> Calvin Cycle which absorbs CO2 & gives off CH2O (sugar) -> gives Light RXNs ADP + Pi & NADP+
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Light RXNs
Convert solar E to chemical E of ATP & NADPH
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Nature of sunlight
Light = Energy = Electromagnetic Radiation
Shorter wavelength (λ): higher E
Visible light - detected by human eye
Light: reflected, transmitted or absorbed
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
the SHORTER the wavelength (purple, blue) the MORE E
the HIGHER the wavelength (red) the LOWER E
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Interaction of Light w / Photosynthesis
BC Chloroplast/Chlorophyll = Green it absorbs EVERY color BUT green (REFLECTS GREEN)
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Photosynthetic Pigments
Pigments absorb different λ of light
Chlorophyll – absorb violet-blue/red light, reflect green
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Chlorophyll a
(Blue-Green): light RXN, converts solar to chemical E
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Chlorophyll b
(Yellow-Green): conveys E to chlorophyll a
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Carotenoids
(Yellow, Orange): photoprotection, broaden color spectrum for
photosynthesis
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Absorption Spectrum
Determines Effectiveness of
Different Wavelengths for Photosynthesis
Ex: Green = high transmittance but low absorption
Blue = low transmittance but high absorption
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Action Spectrum
Plots Rate of Photosynthesis vs. Wavelength
(absorption of chlorophylls a, b, &
carotenoids combined)
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Engelmann
Used bacteria to measure rate of photosynthesis in algae; established action spectrum
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Which wavelengths of light are
most effective in driving
photosynthesis?
Purple/Blue & Red
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Light RXNs
e- in chlorophyll molecules are excited by absorption of light, gives off heat
energy of e- -> photon -> chlorophyll (excited) gives off heat & photon fluorescence
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Photosystem
Reaction center & Light-harvesting
Complexes (pigment + protein),
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2 Routes of e- flow for Light RXNs
A. Linear (noncyclic) electron flow
B. Cyclic electron flow
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Light Reaction (LINEAR e- flow)
light E absorbed by Chlorophyll molecules thru photons is used to EXCITE/energize e- that power proton pumps (proton gradient)
1. E passed to reaction center of Photosystem II (protein + chlorophyll a)
2. e- captured by PRIMARY e- ACCEPTOR
3. Redox reaction → e- transfer
4. e- prevented from losing E (drop to ground state)
5. H2O is split to replace e- → H+, e-, O2 formed (ripping apart covalent bonds )
6. e- passed to Photosystem I via ETC
7. E transfer pumps H+ to thylakoid space
8.ATP produced by photophosphorylation
9. e- moves from PS I’s primary electron
acceptor to 2nd ETC
10. NADP+ reduced to NADPH
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Main Idea of Linear Light RXN
Use solar E to generate ATP (atp synthase & chemiosmosis) &
NADPH to provide E for Calvin cycle
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Cyclic Electron Flow (Light RXN)
Uses PS I ONLY; produces ATP for
Calvin Cycle (NO O2 or NADPH produced)
Makes free ATP as long as sunlight, lots of E from protons (sun)
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Both Respiration & Photosynthesis do what?
Use Chemiosmosis to generate ATP, ATP synthase, photophosphorylation
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How is the formation of a proton gradient in light reactions used to form ATP from ADP plus inorganic phosphate by ATP
synthase.
A proton gradient is created as the first ETC moves H+ ions through the cytochrome complex. ATP synthase then works like a gear to create ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
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Proton Motive Force generated by
1) H+ from water
2) H+ pumped across by cytochrome
3) Removal of H+ from stroma when NADP+ is reduced
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Calvin Cycle
In stroma
Uses ATP & NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar
Uses ATP, NADPH, CO2
Produces 3-C sugar G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) used in cellular respiration
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3 Phases of Calvin Cycle
1) Carbon fixation
2) Reduction
3) Regeneration of RuBP (CO2 Acceptor)
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Phase 1: Calvin Cycle (Carbon Fixation)
3 CO2 + RuBP (5-C sugar ribulose
bisphosphate)
Catalyzed (cause/accelerated) by Enzyme Rubisco (RuBP (chemical change = enzyme)
shapes CO2 to 5 chain the we cut it to get 6 3-phosphoglycerate
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Phase 2: Calvin Cycle (Reduction)
Use 6 ATP & 6 NADPH (changes to 6NADP+) to
Produce 1 net: G3P (1 sugar)
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Phase 3: Calvin Cycle - Regeneration of RuBP (CO2 Acceptor)
Use 3 ATP to regenerate 3 RuBP (creates 3 ADP)
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What does calvin cycle give back to Light RXNs?
NADP+ provides electrons to facilitate rxns
ATP-> ADP releases energy to power metabolic processes
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Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in
hot, arid climates
Photorespiration
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Photorespiration
Metabolic pathway which: Uses O2 & produces CO2
Uses ATP
No sugar production (rubisco binds O2 → breakdown
of RuBP)
Occurs on hot, dry bright days when stomata close bc absorbs CO2 (conserve H2O)
Why? Early atmosphere: low O2, high CO2?
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Evolutionary Adaptations
Problem with C3 Plants:
CO2 fixed to 3-C compound in Calvin cycle
Ex. Rice, wheat, soybeans
Hot, dry days: partially close stomata, ↓CO2
Photorespiration
↓ photosynthetic output (no sugars made)
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C4 Plants
CO2 fixed to 4-C compound
Ex. corn, sugarcane, grass
Hot, dry days → stomata close (absorbs CO2)
2 cell types = mesophyll & bundle sheath cells (mesophyll: pyruvate fixes & grabs CO2 to hold onto it = pump to other cells)
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C4 plants (continued)
Mesophyll : PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 (4-C), pump CO2 to bundle sheath
Bundle sheath: CO2 used in Calvin cycle
↓ photorespiration(plants eathing themselves bc not enough water), ↑sugar production (efficient for areas that are hot & dry dont lose as much water)
WHY? Advantage in hot, sunny area
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CAM Plant
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)
NIGHT: stomata open → CO2 enters → converts to organic acid, stored in mesophyll cells
DAY: stomata closed → light reactions supply: ATP, NADPH; CO2 released from organic acids
for Calvin cycle
Ex. cacti, pineapples, succulent (H2O-storing) plants
WHY? Advantage in arid conditions
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Comparing C3, C4, CAM Plants
C3: C fixation & Calvin
together, Rubisco
C4: C fixation & Calvin
in different cells, PEP carboxylase
CAM: C fixation & Calvin
at different TIMES, Organic acid
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Importance of Photosynthesis
Plant: Glucose for respiration, Cellulose
Humans: O2 Production, Food source
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(Respiration!!!) Vs. Photosynthesis
RESPIRATION
Plants + Animals
Needs O2 & food
Produces CO2, H2O & ATP, NADH
Occurs in mitochondria membrane &
matrix
Oxidative phosphorylation
Proton gradient across membrane
137
Respiration Vs. (Photosynthesis!!!)
Photosynthesis
Plants
Needs CO2, H2O, sunlight
Produces glucose, O2 ATP,
NADPH
Occurs in chloroplast thylakoid
membrane & stroma
Photorespiration
Photophosphorylation
Proton gradient across membrane
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Overview Of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis -> Light ENERGY stored in organic molecules
Photosynthesis -> light RXN -> H20 Split -> O2 evolved
Photosynthesis -> light RXN- > in which energized e- reduce NADPH + -> pass down ETC by mechanism -> chemiosmosis -> in process: photophosphorylation + -> ATP
Photosynthesis -> Calvin Cycle -> Co2 fixed to RuBP -> C3 Phosphorylated & Reduce NADP+ using ATP to form G3P -> Regenerate RuBP using ATP + -> glucose & other carbs (G3P)
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Overview of Whole Photosynthesis Process
H20 & Light E enters Chloroplast (Chlorophyll) inside thykaloid stacks = light RXNS P(Photosyst 2, ETC, Photosyst 1, ETC) -> O2 released then ATP & NADPH transferred to Calvin Cycle: CO2 enters -> 3 phosphoglycerate -> G3P -> starch storage & sucrose export released, then turns into RuBP to give back ADP & NADP+ to LIGHT RXN
