UNIT 1: Chemistry of Life

Question 1

What gives H2O its properties?

Answer 1

Polarity and Hydrogen bonding

Question 2

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 2

the sharing of electrons

Question 3

What is a result of H2O’s polarity?

Answer 3

WEAK hydrogen bonds

Question 4

What is COhesion?

Answer 4

Water makes hydrogen bonds with other water molecules

Question 5

When water H bonds to another water molecule

Answer 5

COhesion

Question 6

What is ADhesion?

Answer 6

When water H-bonds to charged molecules

Question 7

What gives water it’s 5 emergent properties?

Answer 7

Cohesion & Adhesion

Question 8

What are water’s 5 emergent properties that benefit living systems?

Answer 8

1) High surface tension
2) Capillary action
3) High heat capacity
4) Density in 3 states (ice floats)
5) high solvency

Question 9

What does the Law of Conservation of Energy state?

Answer 9

“Energy cannot be created or destroyed”

Question 10

Where does the energy that living systems use come from?

Answer 10

The energy stored in chemical bonds

Question 11

What is needed to make new molecules?

Answer 11

Atoms and molecules from the ENVIRONMENT

Question 12

What biological molecules contain Carbon?

Answer 12

1) Carbohydrates
2) Proteins
3) Nucleic Acids
4) Lipids

Question 13

What biological molecules contain Nitrogen?

Answer 13

1) Proteins
2) Nucleic Acids

Question 14

What biological molecules contain Phosphorus?

Answer 14

1) Nucleic acids
2) Sometimes Lipids

Question 15

C,H,O = _________

Answer 15

Carbohydrates

Question 16

C,H,O,N = ________

Answer 16

Proteins

Question 17

C,H,O,(P) = ________

Answer 17

Lipids

Question 18

C,H,O,N,P

Answer 18

Nucleic Acids

Question 19

What is a monomer?

Answer 19

A chemical subunit used to create POLYMERS

Question 20

What is a polymer?

Answer 20

A macromolecule made of many monomers

Question 21

What type of bond is used to connect monomers to form polymers?

Answer 21

Covalent Bonds

Question 22

Monomer : Polymer

__________ : Carbohydrates (disaccharide, polysaccharide)

Answer 22

Monosaccharide

Question 23

Monomer : Polymer

Monosaccharide: ____________

Answer 23

Carbohydrate
- polysaccharide
- disaccharide

Question 24

Monomer : Polymer

__________ : Protein

Answer 24

Amino Acid

Question 25

Monomer : Polymer Amino Acid: _______

Answer 25

Protein

Question 26

Monomer : Polymer Nucleotide : __________

Answer 26

Nucleic Acid

Question 27

Monomer : Polymer _____________ : Nucleic Acid

Answer 27

Nucleotide

Question 28

What does Dehydration Synthesis create?

Answer 28

a macromolecule + H2O

Question 29

What does Hydrolysis do?

Answer 29

Polymers are split/cleaved into monomers (breaks covalent bonds) and the water molecule is hydrolyzed into OH and H and added to a different monomer

Question 30

What does HYDROLYZED mean?

Answer 30

to be broken down

Question 31

Monomer : Polymer Fatty Acid : ______

Answer 31

Lipids

Question 32

__________ : Lipids

Answer 32

Fatty Acids

Question 33

Which Polymer/Macromolecule has no true monomer?

Answer 33

Lipids

Question 34

What are the functions of carbohydrates

Answer 34

- quick energy - cell wall component

Question 35

What type of bonds do proteins form?

Answer 35

peptide bonds (covalent)

Question 36

what are the functions of proteins?

Answer 36

- structural - enzymes (catalyze reactions)

Question 37

what are the functions of lipids?

Answer 37

- storage - cell membrane = PHOSPHOLIPID - insulation and protection (FATS!) - long term energy

Question 38

What is saturated fat?

Answer 38

- SINGLE bonds - SOLID at room temp

Question 39

What is unsaturated fat?

Answer 39

- DOUBLE bonds - LIQUID at room temp

Question 40

What ratio are Carb's CHO?

Answer 40

1:2:1

Question 41

What are nucleotides made up of?

Answer 41

- 5 carbon sugar (CHO) - P (phosphate) - N base

Question 42

Nucleic acid bonds?

Answer 42

covalent -> phosphodiester to build backbone hydrogen -> holds n base together

Question 43

functions of nucleic acids?

Answer 43

-stores and transmits genetic info

Question 44

What are the 2 parts of a phospholipid?

Answer 44

1) polar head region 2) nonpolar tail region

Question 45

which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

Answer 45

polar head region

Question 45

What are the directionalities of amino acids?

Answer 45

1) Amino terminus 2) Carboxyl terminus

Question 46

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 46

Polypeptide

Question 46

what part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

Answer 46

nonpolar tail region

Question 46

What is a polypeptide and what does it do?

Answer 46

consists of a specific order of amino acids and determines the overall shape the protein can achieve

Question 47

What are R groups?

Answer 47

"side groups" - atoms attached to the central atom

Question 48

What polymer do R-groups belong to?

Answer 48

Proteins

Question 49

This group can be hydrophilic, hydrophobic, or ionic = ________

Answer 49

R groups

Question 50

Are lipids polar or nonpolar?

Answer 50

nonpolar

Question 51

what are some subunits (monomer replacements) for lipids?

Answer 51

- fatty acids - glycerol

Question 52

Lipid's fatty acid components determine function and structure based on ________

Answer 52

Saturation - saturated = single bonds - unsaturated = double bonds

Question 53

membranes contain ______ and ______

Answer 53

lipids (phospholipids) & proteins

Question 54

what regions of phospholipids and proteins can interact with each other and water environments?

Answer 54

hydroPHILIC

Question 55

What region of phospholipids and membrane proteins can interact with each other but not the water environments?

Answer 55

hydroPHOBIC

Question 56

PROTEINS : _______ determines the ________

Answer 56

Structure determines the function

Question 57

Protein Structure formed by the actual sequence of amino acids in a given protein (determined by DNA)

Answer 57

Primary Structure

Question 58

This protein structure is held together by a covalent bond (peptide bond)

Answer 58

Primary Structure

Question 59

What two structures have NO functionality?

Answer 59

Primary and Secondary

Question 60

What structure is formed when the primary structure is folded and/or twisted?

Answer 60

Secondary structure

Question 61

What protein structure is held together by hydrogen bonds?

Answer 61

Secondary Structure

Question 62

What two forms take shape depending on the properties of the R groups of amino acids in a protein structure?

Answer 62

1) a (alpha) helix 2) B (beta) pleated sheets

Question 63

What protein structure is formed when the secondary structure folds yet again?

Answer 63

Tertiary

Question 64

Tertiary structure: held together by various interactions between amino acid side chains (4) :

Answer 64

1) Disulfide bridges - covalent bonds formed between 2 cysteine amino acids (contains sulfur) 2) Weak interactions betwen + & - charged side groups 3) Hydrophilic & Hydrophobic interactions 4) hydrogen bonds

Question 65

This protein structure is formed when 2+ polypeptide chains (tertiary structures) link together to give the protein its specific function

Answer 65

Quaternary structure

Question 66

DNA is a polymer containing 2 strands, each strand in an anti-parallel _______ direction

Answer 66

5' - 3'

Question 67

Adenine & Thymine base pairs held together by ____ __________

Answer 67

2 hydrogen bonds

Question 68

Guanine & Cytosine base paors are held together by ____ _________

Answer 68

3 hydrogen bonds

Question 69

What does the linear sequence of nucleotides do?

Answer 69

encodes biological inofrmation

Question 70

What is meant by anti-parallel structure in DNA (5'-3')

Answer 70

Strands 5' & 3' run parallel to each other in opposite directions

Question 71

During the synthesis of nucleic acid polymers, nucleotides can only be added to what end of a growing strand?

Answer 71

3'

Question 72

What type of bond is used to connect free nucleotides to a 3' strand?

Answer 72

Covalent

Question 73

What is an isotope

Answer 73

an atom with different neutrons