UNIT 6: Gene Expression and Regulation

Question 1

What macromolecule makes up DNA?

Answer 1

Nucleic Acid

Question 2

What is the monomer of nucleic acid?

Answer 2

Nucleotides

Question 3

What elements make up DNA?

Answer 3

C - Carbon
H - Hydrogen
O - Oxygen
N - Nitrogen
P - Phosphorus

Question 4

What makes up the structure of a nucleotide?

Answer 4

1) phosphate
2) 5-carbon sugar
3) Nitrogenous base

Question 5

What bond holds 2 nitrogenous bases together?

Answer 5

weak hydrogen bonds

Question 6

What bond attaches the phosphate to the 5-carbon sugar to form the backbone of DNA?

Answer 6

Phosphodiester bonds

Question 7

What is the name of the strand that runs from 3’ to 5’?

Answer 7

leading strand

Question 8

what is the name of the strand that runs from 5’ to 3’?

Answer 8

lagging strand

Question 9

What nitrogenous bases are purines?

Answer 9

Adenine
Guanine

Question 10

What is a purine?

Answer 10

Double ring structure

Question 11

What is a pyimidine?

Answer 11

Single ring structure

Question 12

What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

Answer 12

Thymine
Cytosine
(Uracil - RNA)

Question 13

Where does DNA replication occur?
(eukaryotes)

Answer 13

Nucleus

Question 14

When does DNA replication occur?

Answer 14

S-phase of interphase
(cell cycle and meiosis)

Question 15

What enzymes are involved in DNA replication?

Answer 15

1) Helicase
2) Topoismomerase
3) DNA Polymerase
4) Ligase

Question 16

What does the Helicase do in DNA replication?

Answer 16

unzips/unwinds the double strands of DNA by BREAKING hydrogen bonds

Question 17

What does the topoismomerase do in DNA replication?

Answer 17

relaxes strands and prevents super-coiling

Question 18

What does DNA polymerase do in DNA replication?

Answer 18

joins free-floating nucleotides together to make the new complimentary strand using the original strand as a template

Question 19

In what direction does DNA polymerase build during DNA replication?

Answer 19

5’ to 3’

Question 20

What does Ligase do during DNA replication

Answer 20

joins together Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand

Question 21

What is the structure of chromosomes in prokaryotes?

Answer 21

Circular chromosomesW

Question 22

What is the structure of chromosomes in eukaryotes?

Answer 22

multiple linear chromosomes

Question 23

What are plasmids?

Answer 23

small extra-chromosomal double-stranded DNA

Question 24

Do both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain plasmids?

Answer 24

Yes

Question 25

What is the 5' end of DNA referred to as?

Answer 25

Phosphate terminus

Question 26

What is the 3' end of DNA referred to as?

Answer 26

Hydroxyl terminus (OH)

Question 27

What is the replication fork in DNA?

Answer 27

the location where the 2 DNA strands are seperated

Question 28

What is horizontal acquisition?

Answer 28

exchange of genetic information between different genomes or between unrelated organisms

Question 29

In what organism does horizontal acquisition occur in?

Answer 29

prokaryotes

Question 30

What types of horizontal acqusitions are there?

Answer 30

1) Transformation 2) Transduction 3) Conjugation 4) Transposition

Question 31

What is a transformation in horizontal acquisition?

Answer 31

the uptake of naked DNA from an external source

Question 32

What is transduction in horizontal acquisition?

Answer 32

the transmission of foreign DNA into a cell when a viral genome integrates with the host genome

Question 33

What is conjugation in horizontal acquisition?

Answer 33

the transfer of DNA between cells through an external cell extension

Question 34

What is transposition in horizontal acquisition?

Answer 34

the movement of DNA segments between DNA molecules

Question 35

What is the process that uses DNA to make RNA

Answer 35

Transcription

Question 36

What is the process that uses RNA to make a protein?

Answer 36

Translation

Question 37

What 3 types of RNA molecules are involved in DNA transcription and RNA processing?

Answer 37

1) Messenger RNA (mRNA) 2) Transfer RNA (tRNA) 3) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 38

What does mRNA do in DNA transcription and RNA processing?

Answer 38

it carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes

Question 39

What does tRNA do in DNA transcription and RNA processing?

Answer 39

its recruited to the ribosomes to help create a specific polypeptide sequence

Question 40

What does rRNA do in DNA transcription and RNA processing?

Answer 40

functional units of ribosomes responsible for protein assembly

Question 41

What are introns?

Answer 41

(think intruders) sequences of the mRNA transcript that DO NOT CODE for amino acids

Question 42

What are exons?

Answer 42

(Think expressed) sequences of an mRNA transcript that DO CODE for amino acids

Question 43

Where does translation occur?

Answer 43

RibosomesH

Question 44

How do retroviruses introduce viral RNA (not DNA) into host cells?

Answer 44

through reverse transcriptase

Question 45

What is reverse transcriptase?

Answer 45

an enzyme that copies the viral DNA into viral RNA