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AP Human Geography > Unit 1 - Concepts > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

What is space in geographical terms?

A

The geometric surface of the Earth

Space refers to the physical surface where objects are located and interact.

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2
Q

What defines objects on the Earth’s spatial surface?

A

Their location and distance from other things

The concept emphasizes the importance of spatial relationships.

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3
Q

What is activity space?

A

The area wherein activity occurs on a daily basis

It reflects the everyday movement and interaction of individuals.

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4
Q

Define ‘place’ in geographical context.

A

An area of bounded space of some human importance

Places are significant for various human activities and meanings.

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5
Q

What is a toponym?

A

A place-name assigned to a location recognized for human importance

Toponyms help in identifying and categorizing places.

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6
Q

What are the different categories of places?

A

Urban places, places of work, resource locations, transportation nodes

Each category serves different functions and characteristics.

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7
Q

What does the concept of sequent occupancy refer to?

A

The succession of groups and cultural influences throughout a place’s history

It highlights how places evolve over time.

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8
Q

How does scale relate to geography?

A

It is the relationship of an object or place to the Earth as a whole

Scale helps in understanding the extent and context of geographical phenomena.

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9
Q

What is map scale?

A

The ratio of distance on a map to distance in the real world

It allows for accurate representation and measurement of distances.

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10
Q

Define relative scale.

A

The level of aggregation or grouping for examination

It helps in analyzing geographic data at different levels.

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11
Q

What are the three groups of regions?

A

Formal, functional, and vernacular

Each type of region has distinct characteristics and boundaries.

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12
Q

What is a formal region?

A

An area of bounded space that possesses some homogeneous characteristic or uniformity

Examples include regions defined by language or climate.

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13
Q

What is an ecotone?

A

The environmental transition zone between two bioregions

Ecotones are areas of high biodiversity and ecological significance.

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14
Q

What defines functional regions?

A

Areas with a central place or node that serves a practical purpose

They often focus on economic activities or services.

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15
Q

What is an intervening opportunity?

A

An attraction at a shorter distance that takes precedence over a farther attraction

It influences travel and economic decisions.

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16
Q

What is vernacular region based on?

A

The perception or collective mental map of the region’s residents

This can vary greatly among different groups within the region.

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17
Q

What is absolute location?

A

Defines a point or place using coordinates like latitude and longitude

It provides a precise geographic reference.

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18
Q

What is relative location?

A

The location of a place compared to a known place or geographic feature

It gives context to a place’s position.

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19
Q

What does ‘site’ refer to in geography?

A

The physical characteristics of a place

Site includes factors like topography and climate.

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20
Q

What does ‘situation’ mean in geographical terms?

A

The place’s interrelatedness with other places

It considers the connections and accessibility of a location.

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21
Q

What is linear absolute distance?

A

The distance between two places measured in linear units

Common units include miles or kilometers.

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22
Q

What is distance decay?

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A

The principle that interaction decreases as distance increases

It illustrates how proximity affects relationships.

23
Q

What is Tobler’s Law?

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A

All places are interrelated, but closer places are more related than farther ones

This concept emphasizes spatial relationships.

24
Q

What is friction of distance?

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A

The inhibiting effect of distance on interaction between two points

Greater distances often lead to reduced interactions.

25
What is space-time compression?
Decreased time and relative distance between places ## Footnote Technology plays a key role in enhancing connectivity.
26
What is central place theory?
A theory developed by Walter Christaller analyzing city location and economic exchange ## Footnote It uses hexagonal market areas to explain urban economics.
27
What is a cluster in geography?
When things are grouped together on the Earth’s surface ## Footnote Clustering can influence economic and social dynamics.
28
What is agglomeration?
Purposeful clustering around a central point or economic growth pole ## Footnote It often leads to increased economic efficiency.
29
What is a random pattern in geography?
A distribution of a spatial phenomenon without rhyme or reason ## Footnote This pattern can occur naturally or due to human activities.
30
What is arithmetic density?
The number of things per square unit of distance ## Footnote It is often used in population studies.
31
What does physiological density measure?
The number of people per square unit of arable land ## Footnote It indicates the pressure on land resources.
32
What is agricultural density?
The number of farmers per square unit of arable land ## Footnote It gives insight into agricultural productivity.
33
What is a hearth in geographical terms?
The point of origin or place of innovation ## Footnote Hearths are crucial for understanding cultural diffusion.
34
Define expansion diffusion.
A pattern originating in a central place and expanding outward ## Footnote It spreads ideas or innovations across space.
35
What is hierarchical diffusion?
Diffusion originating in a first-order location moving down to subordinate locations ## Footnote It often follows social or economic hierarchies.
36
What is contagious diffusion?
Diffusion that begins at a point of origin and moves to nearby locations ## Footnote Transportation lines often facilitate this type of diffusion.
37
What is stimulus diffusion?
A general principle that diffuses and stimulates new creations ## Footnote It leads to the development of new ideas or products.
38
What is relocation diffusion?
Diffusion that crosses a significant physical barrier and relocates ## Footnote It involves the migration of people or ideas.
39
What are scientific maps?
Results of spatial analysis that quantitatively depict geographic patterns ## Footnote They support data-driven geographic research.
40
What do thematic maps express?
A particular subject without showing land forms for other features ## Footnote They focus on specific information, like population or climate.
41
What are choropleth maps?
Thematic maps that express geographic variability using color variations ## Footnote They effectively communicate spatial data.
42
What do isoline maps calculate?
Data values between points across a variable surface ## Footnote They are useful for representing gradients, such as elevation.
43
What do dot density maps use to express geographic features?
Dots to express volume and density ## Footnote Each dot typically represents a specific quantity or population.
44
What do flow-line maps show?
The direction and volume of a particular geographic movement pattern ## Footnote They illustrate migration, trade, or transportation flows.
45
What is a mental map?
The cognitive image of landscape in the human mind ## Footnote Mental maps can vary significantly among individuals.
46
What is the difference between large-scale and small-scale maps?
Large-scale maps have a comparatively large ratio, while small-scale maps have a small ratio ## Footnote Large-scale maps show more detail over smaller areas.
47
What are equal-area projections?
Projections that maintain relative spatial science and areas ## Footnote They are important for accurate representation of land mass.
48
What do conformal projections maintain?
The shape of polygons on the map ## Footnote However, they distort the relative area between regions.
49
What is a gravity model?
A mathematical model used for various types of spatial analysis ## Footnote It can calculate transportation flow and area influence.
50
What is a concentric zone model?
A model showing spatial relationships in urban real estate prices ## Footnote It can illustrate cost-to-distance relationships.
51
What are Geographic Information Systems (GIS)?
Programs capable of spatial analysis and mapping using data layers ## Footnote GIS has revolutionized geographic data usage since the 1970s.
52
What does the Global Positioning System (GPS) utilize?
A worldwide network of satellites emitting measurable radio signals ## Footnote GPS is critical for navigation and mapping.
53
What is aerial photography?
Images of the Earth from an aircraft, usually printed on film ## Footnote Digital photography is increasingly used in this field.
54
What do remote-sensing satellites do?
Use computerized scanners to record data from the Earth’s surface ## Footnote They provide valuable data for geographic analysis.

AP Human Geography (3 decks)

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