UNIT 1: Discovering The Science of Behavior

Question 1

Psychology

Answer 1

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes (both in animals and humans)

Observance of the outward and over actions with their mental processes.

Question 2

Importance of Psychology

Answer 2

DESCRIBE
EXPLAIN
PREDICT
CONTROL

Question 3

DESCRIBE

Answer 3

What, where, to whom, and under what circumstance will it happen?

Observe overt behavior.

Question 4

EXPLAIN

Answer 4

Why does it happen?

Explain why this phenomenon is happening.

Question 5

PREDICT

Answer 5

When will it happen again?

Predict the the likelihood for the behavior to happen again.

Question 6

CONTROL

Answer 6

How can it be changed?

Identify how you are able to change and control the behavior.

Question 7

Enduring Issues in Psychology

Answer 7

NATURE - NURTURE
STABILITY - CHANGE
DIVERSITY - UNIVERSALITY
MIND - BODY

Question 8

NATURE - NURTURE

Answer 8

**Nature: **Behind a person’s behavior is the product of genetics.

**Nurture: **Behind a person’s behavior is the sum of their experiences caused by their environement and upbringing.

Question 9

STABILITY - CHANGE

Answer 9

Stability: Are learned behaviors from childhood* permanent for a person’s entire life?*

**Change: ** Do learned behaviors from childhood change from childhood to adulthood?

Question 10

DIVERSITY - UNIVERSALITY

Answer 10

Diversity: ** How are people unique from one another?

**Universality: ** How are people similar to one another?

Question 11

MIND - BODY

Answer 11

Relationship between the mind and the body.

mindset contributes to our behavior.

Question 12

Contributers to the Growth of Psychology

Answer 12

Wilhelm Wundt
Granville Stanley Hall
Edward Titchener
William James

Question 13

Wilheim Wundt

Answer 13

Father of (Experimental) Psychology

Established the first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany

Objective Introspection

Our level of awareness can be classified to: thoughts , exp, emotions, etc.

**Experiment: ** Conciousness could be broken down to bits of info.

**Aim: ** To study the structure of the human mind.

Question 14

Obejctive Introspection

Answer 14

Wundt: Obejctively examining one’s thoughts and mental activities.

Titchener: Research method to understand one’s conciousness and its functions.

Question 15

Granville Stanley Hall

Answer 15

Classmate of Wilheim Wundt

1st American w/ a doctorate in Psychology

Established the first psych lab in John Hopkins University.

Founded and was the first president of the American Psychological Association.

Question 16

Edward Titchener

Answer 16

Structuralism: Expanded Wundt’s Idea

Experiences can be broken down: emotions, sensations, etc.

Conciousness could be briken down to basic elements of mental life. W/o these elements, the person would cease to exist.

**Believed: ** For an individual to understand and connect to who they are and their conciousness, they need to go through objective introspection.

Question 17

William James

Answer 17

**Functionalism: ** Why do people do what they do?
* Noted the importance of conciousness in everyday life, while trying to explain why people behvae the way they do.
* Focus on how the mind allows people to function in the real world.
* Analyzes the mental state and behaviors in terms of their purpose.

**Opposite of Structuralism: ** The scientific study of consciousness is not possible because conscious ideas are ever changing.

Emphasizes the capability of the human mind.

Question 18

Influential Approaches in Psychology

Answer 18

Gestalt Psychology: Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, Kurt Koffka

**Psychodynamic/Psychanalytic Psychology: ** Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Karen Honey

**Behaviorism: ** Ivan Povlov, B.F. Skinner, John B. Watson

Question 19

Gestalt Psychology

Answer 19

Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, Kurt Koffka

Gestalt = “configuration”/”form”

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
* Everything is connected

Emphasizes the organization of mental processes.
* We need to look at the whole aspect of the human behavior, together, to understand the totality of people.

Question 20

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Psychology

Answer 20

Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Karen Horney

Behavior is from forces that were repressed in our unconscious level of awareness.

The motivating force that frives us are the forces that have been suppressed in the unconscious.

Id, Ego, Superego

Question 21

Behaviorism

Answer 21

Ivan Povlov, BF Skinner, John B Watson

The Science of Studying Human Behavior:
* Focuses on observable (overt) behavior.
* Because we can observe behaviors, they are quantifiable and more evidence can be given and becomes more specific.

Disagrees w/ Psychoanalytic Perspective
* “how are we supposed to conceptualize the unconscious processes? can we measure it? does it exist?”
* Introspection lacks the concrete scientific evidence to explain human behavior and mental processes

Came up with different experiments on how human behaviors can be learned, unlearneed, conditioned, and unconditioned.

Question 22

Modern Approaches “Perspectives” to Human Behavior

Answer 22

Behavioral Perspective
Cognitive Perspective
Psychodynamic Perspective
Humanistic Perspective
Biological Perspective
Sociocultural Perspective
Evolutionary Perspecte

These perspecitves can explain human behavior differently through their own individual lenses.

Question 23

Behavioral Perspective

Answer 23

Explains human behavior in terms of conditioning and reinforcement.

Focuses on how we learn certain behaviors.

We are more likely to do things with positive outcomes.

**SITUATION: **A person may fear public speaking because they associate is with negative responses from the audience

Question 24

Cognitive Perspective

Answer 24

Our behavior and decisions is influenced by how we think and interpret a situation.

**SITUATION: **People may fear public speaking because of irrational or obsessive thoughts (eg. What if I fall?, What if my zipper is open?)

Question 25

Psychodynamic Perspective

Answer 25

The unconscious mind controls our thought and actions. Unconscious mind: * May be filled with repressed memories of our childhood that are too traumatic/distressing to think about. * Have primitive drives that go against societal norms. ## Footnote **SITUATION: **Fear of public speaking may stem from a deeper underlying issue in the unconscious. It may be the fear of rejection from a repressed experience with being belittled by a teacher or parent.

Question 26

Humanistic Perspective

Answer 26

Developed as an alternative to the behavioral and psychodynamic perspective. Aka "Third Wave" Has a more positive approach to human behavior. We can choose our own path and make individual choices to strive for personal growth. ## Footnote **SITUATION:** Fear is a motivator, not a weakness. People seek difficult tasks (like public speaking) to overcome their fears.

Question 27

Biological Perspective

Answer 27

Biological processes control our thoughts and actions. * Neurotransmitters, Hormones, and Genes. ## Footnote **SITUATION: **Fear of public speaking is from the body's key actors in the production of fear and anxiety. The amygdala alerts the body of a threat OR neropenephrine and cortisol are taking effect.

Question 28

Sociocultural Perspective

Answer 28

People's thoughts and actions are influences by cultural factors, like stereotypes, cultural norms, media, and racial differences. ## Footnote **SITUATION: **Fear of public speaking may be caused by cultural norms. Every cultural has implicit societal roles, like in Asain cultures, people feel more pressured to succeed on their own.

Question 29

Evolutionary Perspective

Answer 29

People's thoughts and actions are advantageous for survival Developed by Charles Darwin ## Footnote **SITUATION: **Fear of public speaking is caused by our brain perceiving this situation as actual, real-life, danger, so it send our body to fight or flight mode.

Question 30

Psychological Professionals

Answer 30

Psychologists Psychiatrists Psychiatric Social Worker

Question 31

Psychologist

Answer 31

Doctorate degree holders Focuses on teaching, researching, and academe. Some go through special training and board exams to acquire certification to provide comprehensive assessment and clinical intervention programs.

Question 32

Psychiatrist

Answer 32

Medical Doctors Specializes in diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. Can prescribe medication.

Question 33

Psychiatric Social Worker

Answer 33

Has training in the area of social work. Has a liscense to practice psychiatric social work.

Question 34

Fiels of Psychology

Answer 34

Clinical School and Education Industrial-Organizational

Question 35

Clinical

Answer 35

Diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. Not allowed to prescribe medication.

Question 36

School and Education

Answer 36

Guidance Counselors. Career assessment and planning.

Question 37

Industrial-Organizational

Answer 37

Help employees of an organization boost their productivity and quality of life. Ensuring the well-being of humans is preserved.

Question 38

Licenses of Psychology

Answer 38

Psychometrician (BS) Psychologists (MA, PhD, PsyD) Psychiatrists (MD) Psychoanalysts (MD of PhD) Social Workers [MSW] (LSW) Marriage and Family Therapist (MA)

Question 39

Psychometrician

Answer 39

BS Can practice under the supervision of a psychologist. Can provide standerdized tests and basic mental first aid.

Question 40

Psychologist

Answer 40

MA, PhD, PsyD Trained in the field of clinical, industrial, and education practices. Can give intervention programs to address personality and psychological problems

Question 41

Psychiatrists

Answer 41

MD Goes through med school Can prescribe medicaiton.

Question 42

Psychoanalysts

Answer 42

MD or PhD Psychoanalytic training program.

Question 43

Social Workers

Answer 43

MSW: Master of Social Work LSW: Licenssed Social Worker Does Social Work

Question 44

Marriage and Family Therapist

Answer 44

MA Marriage and Family Counselling.

Question 45

5 Steps of the Scientific Approach

Answer 45

1. Perceiving the Question 2. Forming a Hypothesis 3. Testing the Hypothesis 4. Drawing Conclusions 5. Report Your Results

Question 46

Perceiving the Question

Answer 46

Is there a significant difference/effect between the Independent Variable (IV) and the Dependent Variable (DV)/

Question 47

Forming a Hypothesis

Answer 47

Define your variables and phrase it as an if-then statement. **Null: **No significant difference/change between the IV and DV. **Alternative:** There's a significant difference/change in the IV and DV.

Question 48

Testing the Hypothesis

Answer 48

You test to either reject or accept the hypothesis. There should be theoretical framework as your backbone in testing. You need research instruments to generate data and influence. * Surveys, Questionnaires, etc.

Question 49

Drawing Conclusions

Answer 49

Results of experimetnation will give you evidence from which you can draw conclusions and explain what the words and numbers say in relation to your hypothesis. You also need to look at the existing RRL. * If your results align, then it is evidence that you have done the experiment same as others. * If it doesn't align, there could be other factors involve and there may be a research gap for other researchers.

Question 50

Report your results

Answer 50

Report/Discuss your findings. May it be positively or negatively correlated.

Question 51

Scientific Methodology

Answer 51

Descriptive Methods Correlation Methods Experiment

Question 52

Descriptive Methods

Answer 52

Naturalistic Observation Laboratory Observation Case Studies Surveys Standerdized Tests Archival Research

Question 53

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 53

Observers who watch animals or people in natural environments. Observer Effect, Participant Observation Disadvantage: Observer Bias

Question 54

Observer Effect

Answer 54

Tendency of People or animals to behave differently from normal bwhen they know that they are being observed.

Question 55

Participant Observation

Answer 55

Observer becomes a participant in the group being observed.

Question 56

Observer Bias

Answer 56

Tendency of observers to see what they expect to see ## Footnote Researchers need to list down their biases before the experiment to become arare of them.

Question 57

Laboratory Observation

Answer 57

Researchers can watch animals or people in an artificial but controlled situation. Disadvantage: * Artificial setting may lead to artificial behavior. * Behavior is unauthentic.

Question 58

Case Studies

Answer 58

A qualitative research that assesses an individual in great detail. A comprehensive evaluation of a person (*Phinease Gage:* Man w/ a pole through the head that resulted in personality changes.) Disadvantage: * Information gained cannot be generalized to the general population.

Question 58

Standerdized Tests

Answer 58

Respondents answer a series of questions. Respondent's scores are compared with other (norm).

Question 59

Surveys

Answer 59

Asking standardized questions to a large population. Population is the entire group of people or animals in the that falls under the topic of research. Involves close ended questions. Disadvantage: Cognitive Biases * Halo Effect: Answer to look better. * Confirmation Bias: Just saying yes to their predetermined knowledge.

Question 60

Archival Research

Answer 60

The use of existing records to answer various research questions. In lieu of actual behaviors. Eg. LIterature, diaries, paintings, etc. Pilot Study: Conducting research on a new phenomenon.

Question 61

Pilot Study

Answer 61

Conducting research on a new phenomenon. May conduct comparison archival research from qualitative researches.

Question 62

Correlation Methods

Answer 62

Correlation: Measure of the relationship between two or more variables. Correlation Coefficient: A number that represents the strength and direction of a relationship existing between two variables; (derived from formula) * Positive Correlation: Both variables increase. * Negative Correlation: One V increases, the other decresases. Disadvantage: * Fails to explain cause and effect relationships.

Question 63

Experiment

Answer 63

The deliberate manipulation of the Independent Variable The measure of the effects of the Independent Variable to the Dependent Variable. Can determine cause and effect relationships.

Question 63

Experiment: Variables

Answer 63

Must be operationally defined: "What is the focus of the study?" Includes: * Independent Variable * Dependent Variable * Control Group * Experimental Group

Question 64

Independent Variable

Answer 64

Manipulated by experimenter

Question 64

Dependent Variable

Answer 64

Represents a measureable response. Results depend on the Independent Variable.

Question 65

Control Group

Answer 65

Participants are not subjected to the independent variable; may recieve placebo treatment.

Question 66

Experimental Group

Answer 66

Participants are subjected to the independent variable.

Question 67

Experimental Hazards and Controlling for Effect

Answer 67

**Placebo Effect: **Expectations of a person may affect the outcome of the study.

Question 68

Importance of Randomization

Answer 68

**Random Selection: **Selecting a smaller sample from the larger population. **Random Assignment: **Assigning participants to experimental or control group.

Question 69

Ethics of Psychological Research with Humans

Answer 69

The subject is the most important, no matter how fruitful the results. Participants must be allowed to make infromed decisions about participating (informed consent). Deception must be justified. Participants may be able to withdraw from the study at any time. Participants must be protected from risks or told explicitly of the risks. Investigator must debrief participants, telling the nature, expectations, and results. Data MUST REMAIN CONFIDENTIAL

Question 70

Ethics of Psychological Research with Animals

Answer 70

Focus is to avoid any unnecessary pain or suffering. Why use animals? * Some research are important but too dangerous to conduct with human participants. (vaccination testing) * Animals are easier to control * Animals have shorter lives; easier to study long term effects.