UNIT 3: PERCEPTION

Question 6

Perception:

Answer 6

A method by which sensations experienced from the outside world are interpreted and organized to give them meaning.

Question 7

THE CONSTANCIES

Answer 7

They are constant and unchanging.

Question 8

Size Constancy

Answer 8

Tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance.

Size remains similar even if it gets bigger or smaller with distance.

Question 9

Shape Constancy

Answer 9

Tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina.

The shape of an object remains the same regardless of the angle it is viewed.

Question 9

GESTALT PRINCIPLES

Answer 9

1. Figure-Ground Relationships
2. Grouping
   a. Proximity
   b. Similarity
   c. Closure
   d. Continuity
   e. Contiguity
   f. Common Region
   g. Elemental Connectedness

Question 10

Brightness Constancy

Answer 10

Tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change.

Light lets us see different colors, but even if the light is off, the object still has the same color.

Question 10

FIGURE-GROUND RELATIONSHIPS

Answer 10

Tendency to perceive objects or figures as existing on a background or in finer detail.

Reversible figures are visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed.

Question 11

GROUPING

Answer 11

Describe how humans group similar elements, recognize patterns and simplify complex images.

Question 12

PROXIMITY

Answer 12

Tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping.

Question 12

SIMILARITY

Answer 12

Tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group.

Question 13

CONTIGUITY

Answer 13

Tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related.

Question 13

CLOSURE

Answer 13

Tendency to complete figures that are incomplete.

Question 14

CONTINUITY

Answer 14

Tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern.

Question 15

COMMON REGION

Answer 15

Tendency is to perceive objects that are in a common area or region as being in a group.

Question 16

ELEMENTAL CONNECTEDNESS

Answer 16

Tendency to perceive objects that are connected overrides both elements of similarity and proximity.

Question 17

LINEAR PERSPECTIVE

Answer 17

Both the lines of the trees and the sides of the road appear to come together or converge in the distance.

Question 17

PICTORIAL DEPTH CUES

Answer 17

Linear Perspective Texture Gradient Atmospheric/Aerial Perspective Relative Size Interposition/Overlap Motion Parallax

Question 18

TEXTURE GRADIENT

Answer 18

Causes the viewer to assume that as the texture of the pebbles gets finer, the pebbles are getting farther away.

Question 19

RELATIVE SIZE

Answer 19

Causes smaller objects to be perceived as farther away from the viewer.

Question 19

ATMOSPHERIC/AERIAL PERSPECTIVE

Answer 19

The farther away something is the hazier it appears because of fine particles in the air between the viewer and the object.

Question 20

INTERPOSITION/OVERLAP

Answer 20

If one object seems to be blocking another object, people assume that the blocked object is behind the first one, and therefore, farther away.

Question 21

MOTION PARALLAX

Answer 21

The discrepancy in motion of near and far objects.

Question 22

CONVERGENCE

Answer 22

Distance of an object depends on how relaxed your eye is. When objects are far away, the eye muscles are more relaxed; when objects are close, the eye muscles move together, or converge.

Question 23

BINOCULAR DISPARITY

Answer 23

What you see from your left eye may be different from your right eye. Because your eyes are separated by several centimeters, each eye sees a slightly different image of the object in front of you.

Question 24

Hallucination:

Answer 24

makes people think that a stimulus is present when in fact it is non- existent (originates in the brain and not reality).

Question 24

Illusion:

Answer 24

When perception does not correspond to reality; a distorted perception of a stimulus that is really there.

Question 25

MÜLLER-LYER ILLUSION

Answer 25

Two lines, with one appearing to be longer than the other. In reality, both lines are equal in length.

Question 25

HERMANN GRID

Answer 25

Gray dots appear in the intersections of the squares.

Question 26

EBBINGHAUS ILLUSION

Answer 26

The visual context effects of the surrounding circles influence our perception. The gray circles are both the same size.

Question 27

MOON ILLUSION

Answer 27

When this moon is high in the night sky, it will still be the same size to the eye as it is now. However, it is perceived to be much larger when on the horizon. ## Footnote In the sky, there are no objects for comparison, but on the horizon, objects such as this tree are seen as being in front of a very large moon.

Question 28

PERCEIVED MOTION

Answer 28

Illusions that have perceived movement.

Question 29

APPARENT MOVEMENT

Answer 29

Illusion that still objects are moving when the image is not. ## Footnote The eyes are accommodating a lot of info so the lenses are constantly contracting and constricting.

Question 30

PHI PHENOMENON

Answer 30

Apparent motion created by lights flashing in sequence.

Question 30

AUTOKINETIC EFFECT

Answer 30

Perceived motion of a single object. ## Footnote As you become so focused on the object, then it causes eye movement as your retinas become strained.

Question 30

STROBOSCOPIC EFFECT

Answer 30

Created by a rapid series of still pictures. ## Footnote Combining images so that it may seem like they are moving.

Question 31

PERCEPTUAL EXPECTANCY

Answer 31

Perception may be influenced by previous experiences.

Question 32

BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING

Answer 32

We allow the stimulus itself to shape our perception, without any preconceived ideas.

Question 32

THE AMES ROOM ILLUSION

Answer 32

Our expectation is that the shape of the room is rectangular in nature from prior experiences. ## Footnote In reality, the room is a trapezoid with angled walls and floors.

Question 33

TOP-DOWN PROCESSING

Answer 33

We use our background knowledge and expectations to interpret what we see.

Question 34

DEVIL’S TRIDENT

Answer 34

At first glance, this seems to be an ordinary three-pronged figure. But a closer look reveals that the three prongs cannot be real as drawn.

Question 35

SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION

Answer 35

The notion that we may respond to stimuli that are below our level of awareness. Research shows that the effect only occurs in controlled laboratory studies. ## Footnote Brands usually use this in their logos where they hide hidden “easter eggs”.

Question 36

EXTRA SENSORY PERCEPTION

Answer 36

Perception that occurs independently of the known sensory processes.

Question 37

CLAIRVOYANCE

Answer 37

Awareness of an unknown event. ## Footnote There are signs that you are able to read that other people show.

Question 38

TELEKINESIS

Answer 38

Mental movement or motion of solid matter due to the direct influence of mind on a physical system that cannot be entirely accounted for by the mediation of any known physical energy. ## Footnote Moving objects with our mind.

Answer 39

Knowledge of someone else’s thoughts or feelings. Communication through means other than the senses, as by the exercise of an occult power. | Communication through senses. ## Footnote Ex. Twin Telepathy

Question 39

PRECOGNITION

Answer 39

Foreknowledge of future events. ## Footnote Predicting what will happen in the future.