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unit 1 evolution Flashcards

1
Q

what is the proper definition of natural selection

A

long term reproduction of the fittest in the struggle for existence sometimes leading to progress

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2
Q

can producing sterile offspring increase an individuals fitness?

A

No the offspring cannot reproduce

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3
Q

what is an abiotic factor

A

non living factors in an environment

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4
Q

what is intraspecific competition

A

competition amongst those of the same species for limited resources

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5
Q

selection that favors average phenotypes giving both ends of an extreme a disadvantage

A

stabilizing selection

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6
Q

selection that favors a phenotype at one end of the spectrum which will change allele frequency

A

directional selection

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7
Q

favors two or more distinct phenotypes; both extreme ends of phenotypes

A

diversifying selection

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8
Q

type of selection where environment changes relatively quick and those that can adapt are favored

A

fluctuating selection

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9
Q

what is a DNA mutation

A

source for new alleles

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10
Q

type of selection where the success of a trait is deemed by how common or rare it is

A

frequency dependent selection
if males are rare that means more mating opportunities for males

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11
Q

the vast majority of mutations have a negative or no impact T/F

A

T

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12
Q

Allele

A

an aleternate version of a gene responsible for a trait

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13
Q

what does mutation do for changing frequencies

A

change allele frequencies or creates a new one

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14
Q

what is gene flow

A

movement of genetic variation from one population to another (orange butterflies going to a yellow population and making more orange)

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15
Q

a random change in allele frequency of a population by chance is

A

genetic drift ( think of a small population after a catastrophic event)

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16
Q

reduction in population due to a drastic event leading to a smaller population is?

A

population bottleneck

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17
Q

A small group isolates and starts a new population, eventually those genes in the group become more prominent leading to less genetic diversity is….?

A

founder effect

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18
Q

what is prezygotic isolation?

A

what keeps two individuals from mating, like mating dances, mate choice, physical incompatability

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19
Q

what is postzygotic isolation

A

block successful development of offspring that are hybrids and the success it has reproducing

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20
Q

group of individulas of the same species is a…

A

population

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21
Q

A unit of DNA that transfers information from parent to offspring determining characteristics is….

A

gene

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22
Q

what is a gene pool

A

all genetic information of all individuals in a population

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23
Q

difference in genotype and phenotype

A

phenotype is whats observed and genotype is the alleles a organism has

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24
Q

during reproduction a new mutation occurs and that gives the offspring a new mutation is this evolution?

A

yes

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25
change in allele/ trait frequencies is...
evolution
26
what is plasticity
change in phenotype without change in genotype
27
what makes attack and flee two different strategies diversifying selection?
these strategies are on two different ends of the spectrum so it
28
when people think of darwinian selection they usually think of directional selection, why is that?
this is a straightforward example of natural selection and shows how environmental changes will favor an individual at one end of an extreme phenotype leading to a shift in population average.
29
what is the most common form of selection
stabilizing
30
best definition of evolution
The process of gradual change in all forms of life over generations through mechanisms such as mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift
31
is origin of species and natural selection the same
No because origin of species is how a new species comes about and include other factors, natural selection is its own factor
32
how do populations stop breeding?
Allopatric speciation- geographic separation leading to new species coming about. Sympatric speciation- species in a certain habitat that have different mating habits, etc that lead to different species emerging
33
what is sympatric speciation?
group of species in a habitat reproduce and create a new species due to different preferences in mating.
34
What did lamarck propose for evolution?
a parents experiences are inherited by offspring like a stretched neck of a giraffe
35
Cuvier helped discover what?
extinction
36
why was there a slow rise in the discovery of natural selection
religion lack of knowledge
37
What did Darwin discover?
Natural selection and popularized evolution
38
what are homologous structures
features on an organism that share an ancestor
39
what is convergent evolution
process by which groups of organisms independently evolve into similar forms
40
what is the term when organisms have the same ability despite not having homologous structures?
analogous structures
41
what is a vestigal feauture
something that is in an organism that has no use but demonstrates a common ancestor
42
what do phylogenetic trees do?
we learn how organisms came to be and how they will evolve
43
on a phylogenetic tree what is the root?
common ancestor for all taxa
44
what are nodes on the tree
A node is branching point for the phylogenetic tree
45
what are synapomorphies?
Shared traits/characteristics in a clade
46
what are symplesiomorphies?
Symplesiomorphies are traits or characteristics that are shared among different groups (clades), but they are not unique to those groups
47
what is the difference between monophyletic and paraphyletic
monophyletic is a group that includes all the descendants of a common ancestor while paraphyletic only includes some
48
what is gradualism
gradual change in a population over long spans of time
49
what is punctuated equilibrium
rate of speciation is not constant this can mean rapid bursts of change and long periods where there is no change
50
what are the types of viruses
lytic which actively replicate lysogenic which hid in dna and emerge when drugs stop
51
how do eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes?
eukaryotes are found in animals, plants, fungi and have membrane bound organelles. Prokaryotes are found in bacteria and archaea and do not have membrane bound organelles. prokaryote
52
almost all microbes/things in life are prokaryotes...T/F
true to an extent but most life forms we know are eukaryotes
53
What are the three requirements of natural selection?
Variation of a trait,heritability and difference in fitness
54
How does speciation and natural selection differ
Natural selection is within a population and favorable traits help survival and speciation in the emergence of a new species not limited to NS
55
What came before darwin
Scholasticism using education and the bible to explain how god is the reason for things
56
what is the nested level of classifications of organisms in order from kingdom to species.
Kingdom-broad category like animals, plants, fungi Phylum-based on body Class-more specific like mammals, birds Order-groups that relate like carnivores Family-groups related like cats, dogs Genus-closesly relalted species like lions, tigers Species-most specific like humans, lions
57
what are the major bacterial groups csc gab gde
chlamydias spirochetes cyanobacteria gram positive bacteria alpha proteobacteria beta proteobacteria gamma proteobacteria delta proteobacteria epsilon proteobacteria
58
things about chlamydias spirochetes cyanobacteria
chlamydias-parasites of animals spirochetes- spirals and anaerobic cyanobacteria- photosynthetic
59
things about gram positive bacteria alpha proteobacteria beta proteobacteria
gram positive- soil dwelling decomposers alpha proteobacteria- photosynthetic and mitochondria ancestors beta proteobacteria- very diverse
60
things about gamma proteobacteria delta proteobacteria epsilon proteobacteria
gamma proteobacteria-many pathogens delta proteobacteria- act in iron cycling, nitrogen fixation, work as pathogens epsilon proteobacteria- many are pathogens

bio 240 (6 decks)

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