Unit 1 exam

Question 1

Darwin

Answer 1

Co-devleoped the theory of evolution by natural selection; galapagos

Question 2

wallace

Answer 2

co developed theory of evolution by natural selection; Malay Peninsula

Question 3

Lamark

Answer 3

proposed the first hypothesis of evolution which stated acquired characteristics would be passed onto offspring

Question 4

Linnaeus

Answer 4

father of taxonomy, developed rules for classification

Question 5

Kimura

Answer 5

neutral theory of molecular evolution to explain that the vast majority of evolution at the genetic level occurs by random chance (mutations)

Question 6

Fisher Haldane Wright

Answer 6

proposed the use of population genetics to study microevolution

Question 7

Dobzhansky, Mayr, Huxley, Stebbins, Simpson

Answer 7

a collection of scientists who brought together multiple fields of biology under the umbrella of modern synthesis

Question 8

synonymous mutation

Answer 8

(silent) a mutation that does not alter the amino acid

Question 9

non-synonymous mutation

Answer 9

a mutation that alters the amino acid

Question 10

allele

Answer 10

a variant of a gene

Question 11

heterozygosity

Answer 11

a measure of genetic variability

Question 12

genotype

Answer 12

the genetic composition of an organism that when expressed, produces an observable or fuctional trait

Question 13

adaptation

Answer 13

a characteristic which enhances the survival or reproduction of an organism relative to alternative characteristics

Question 14

natural selection

Answer 14

a consistent difference in fitness among different classes of biological entities

Question 15

fitness

Answer 15

measure of reproductive success in an individual

Question 16

phenotype

Answer 16

an observable or functional train in an organism

Question 17

single nucleotide polymorphism

Answer 17

a mutation at a single base pair which is unique to an individual

Question 18

relative fitness

Answer 18

(surviorship x expected # of offspring)/fitness reference

Question 19

recombination

Answer 19

mixing of different loci from different parental chromosomes during meiosis

Question 20

Linkage Disequilibrium

Answer 20

observation of alleles at separate loci being found together in a population more often than expected by random chance

Question 21

q2

Answer 21

homozygous recessive genotype

Question 22

2pq

Answer 22

f of heterozygous genotype

Question 23

p2

Answer 23

f of homozygous dominant genotype

Question 24

p

Answer 24

frequency of dominant allele

Question 25

q

Answer 25

frequency of recessive allele

Question 26

Evolution

Answer 26

inherited change in the properties of groups of organisms over the course of generations

Question 27

early greek philosophy

Answer 27

unchanging and infinite earth

Question 28

Christianity and special creation

Answer 28

unchanging and old earth

Question 29

ideals during the scientific revolution

Answer 29

changing and old earth

Question 30

evolution of modern synthesis

Answer 30

darwin +genetics math theory of population genetics

Question 31

microevolution

Answer 31

mutation, gene flow, natural selection, genetic drift

Question 32

Macroevolution

Answer 32

Major changes above species level

Question 33

Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution

Answer 33

Kimura; most evolution of dna occurs by genetic drift

Question 34

anagenesis

Answer 34

change in lineage

Question 35

cladogenesis

Answer 35

branching of a lineage into 2+ descendant lineages

Question 36

extinction

Answer 36

death/loss of lineage

Question 37

phylogenetic tree

Answer 37

hypothesis of evolutionary relationships

Question 38

homology

Answer 38

same character from common ancestor

Question 39

character

Answer 39

trait examined

Question 40

character state

Answer 40

form of trait

Question 41

ingroup

Answer 41

taxa being studied

Question 42

outgroup

Answer 42

distantly related group

Question 43

parsimony

Answer 43

simplest path is most likely

Question 44

hybridization

Answer 44

branches combine lineages

Question 45

Orthologs

Answer 45

homologous genes present in multiple taxa (line them up)

Question 46

paralogs

Answer 46

genes that result in duplication, not homologous

Question 47

monophyletic

Answer 47

contain a single common anscestor

Question 48

polyphyletic

Answer 48

some but not all have a CA (reptilia and birds are polyphyletic, but sauropsids are monophyletic)

Question 49

polyphyletic

Answer 49

do not share decendants

Question 50

molecular clock

Answer 50

mutations occur at predictable rates; t=distance in BP/ (2 x rate of change)

Question 51

plesiomorphic

Answer 51

shared ancestral character

Question 52

Apomorphic

Answer 52

unique to group, but not ancestral

Question 53

homoplacy

Answer 53

similar character in 2+ species, not due to common ancestors

Question 54

convergence

Answer 54

similar feature develops independently (wings on birds and bats)

Question 55

parallelism

Answer 55

similar feature independently closely related taxa (marsupial and placental mammals)

Question 56

reversal

Answer 56

apomorphic back to plesiomorphic

Question 57

dollos law

Answer 57

when a complex trait is lost, it will not be reevolved

Question 58

adaptive radiation

Answer 58

burst of diversion evolution in a lineage in a relatively short period of time which results from adapting to various environmental pressures (ex: galapagos finches)

Question 59

adaptation

Answer 59

a character that enhances survival or reproduction

Question 60

average fitness equation

Answer 60

total # of offspring x rate of surviorship

Question 61

selfish genes

Answer 61

transmit at higher rates even if not advantageous

Question 62

altruistic behaviors

Answer 62

selfless behaviors of goodness of group survival (kinship)

Question 63

group selection

Answer 63

differential

Question 64

pre-adaptation

Answer 64

organism possesses a structure which gets used for a novel purpose

Question 65

exadaptation

Answer 65

structure becomes its new structure

Question 66

How do we determine adaptation

Answer 66

1.) Complexity 2.) Design 3.) Experiment 4.) Comparative Methods

Question 67

character displacement

Answer 67

selection will cause divergence within a population due to species interaction

Question 68

sympatry

Answer 68

species in one area

Question 69

genes

Answer 69

segments of DNA found on chromosomes that encode a structure/function

Question 70

equation for finding allele frequency

Answer 70

p= 2(# of A1,A1) + (# of A1, A2)/ 2n

Question 71

segregation

Answer 71

transmission of one of two copies of a locus when a gamete is made during meiosis

Question 72

what kind of relationship exists between recombination and linkage disequilibrium

Answer 72

inverse

Question 73

Pleiotrophy

Answer 73

single mutation affects multiple traits positive neutral/silent negative/deleterious

Question 74

Non-genetic inheritance

Answer 74

epigenetics maternal effects cultural inheritance (learned behaviors)

Question 75

absolute fitness euqation

Answer 75

probability of survivorship x expected # of offspring = W