Unit 1 Exam Flashcards by Leah Connor

Development involving the body’s physical makeup

Physical

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Changes in intellectual capabilities

Cognitive development

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How interactions with others and social relationships grow, change, and remain stable

Socioemotional development

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A period where an experience MUST occur in order for a behavior to develop normally

Critical

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A period where organisms are susceptible to certain stimuli in their environments, BUT an absence of those stimuli does not produce irreversible consequences

Sensitive

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Theory that states that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts that are generally beyond people’s awareness and control

Psychodynamic perspective

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Who is associated with the psychodynamic perspective?

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson

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What are the three components of personality (as mentioned in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory)?

Id - immediate gratification
Ego - rational component
Superego - makes sure that one behaves in a morally acceptable way

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Who believed conflict was more psychosocial in nature?

Erikson

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Immediate everyday environment

Microsystem

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Connects the microsystems

Mesosystem

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Not experienced firsthand but still influences development

Exosystem

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Larger cultural influence

Macrosystem

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Systems change over time

Chronosystem

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Same person is observed repeatedly

Longitudinal

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Different people measured at a single time (different people at different ages)

Cross-sectional

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Different sequences of children are tested longitudinally

Sequential

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Structures that contain genetic material and can be subdivided into segments called genes

Chromosomes

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Basic unit for the transmission of heredity

Genes

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Exact genetic makeup

Genotype

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Observable traits

Phenotype

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When ovum and sperm fuse to form…

Zygote (46 total chromosomes)

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Specific form of a gene

Allele

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Two alike alleles

Homozygous

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Two different alleles

Heterozygous

3 potential outcomes of gene expression

Only 1 allele expressed, intermediate characteristics expressed, or each allele fully expressed

Inheritance in which many different genes influence the characteristic in question

Polygenic

Disease with the following symptoms - inherited recessive genes, reduced ability to metabolize phenylalanine, can lead to permanent intellectual disability, can be avoided through diet/modified formula

PKU

Inherited dominant genes, neurological disorder characterized by slow, progressive deterioration of motor control, cognition, and emotion

Huntingtons

Caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 - impairment in mental functioning and abnormalities in several internal organs

Down syndrome

Related to mother's age

Down syndrome

A result of an extra X chromosome - small testes, insufficient production of testosterone, infertility

Kleinfelter's syndrome

Identical twins

Monozygotic

Fraternal twins

Dizygotic twins

Sample of fetal cells obtained from amniotic fluid, screens for genetic disorders

Amniocentesis

Sample of tissue obtained from the placenta

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

Consequences of genetic instruction depends on the environment

Reaction range

First period of prenatal development

Germinal (shortest)

What occurs during the germinal period?

Zygote travels down fallopian tubes, cell division, implantation

Second period of prenatal development

Embryonic

What occurs during embryonic stage?

Cells differentiate into organs, basic organs take rudimentary shape

Third period of prenatal development

Fetal (longest)

What occurs during the fetal stage?

Organ systems, age of viability, responds to sound, movement becomes varied and coordinated

Cushions the fetus in the womb

Amniotic fluid

Serves to sustain the converted nutrients from mother into food for the embryo

Placenta, umbilical cord

Any agent that causes abnormal prenatal development

Teratogen

Effect of nicotine on prenatal development

Related to an increase in the rate of miscarriage and stillbirth

Stage 1 labor

When muscles of the uterus contract, ends when cervix is 10 cm

Stage 2 labor

Baby pushed through the birth canal, crowning

Stage 3 labor

Placenta and other membranes expelles

Used to diagnose the physical state of newborn infants

Apgar scale

How often is Apgar scale conducted

1 and 5 minutes after birth

What score on Apgar indicates emergency

3 or below

When a baby's cheek is stroked, it turns its head toward the stroking and opens its mouth

Rooting

Sucks an object placed in the mouth

Sucking

Withdraws foot after prick of the sole

Withdrawal

Holds firmly to an object touching the palm of the hand

Palmer grasp

Makes rhythmic stepping movements if held upright

Stepping

Newborn 4 states of arousal

Alert inactivity, waking activity, crying, sleeping

How many hours per day do newborns sleep?

16-18

Growth begins in the region of the head

Cephalocaudal trend

Growth progresses from the center of the body to the extremities

Proximodistal trend

A process in which rarely used connections are removed

Synaptic pruning

The degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience

Plasticity

2 stimuli are presented to determine preference

Preferential looking

Infants prefer novel stimuli

Habituation studies

Refers to the quietest sound one can hear

Auditory threshold

How well one can see

Visual acuity

Are infants initially very nearsighted or farsighted?

Nearsighted

Perceiving an object or event by more than one sensory system

Intermodal perception

4 stages of cognitive development proposed by Jean Piaget

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

New information incorporated into existing knowledge

Assimilation

Schemes are modified to include new information

Accommodation

Reorganization of schemes to restore balance

Equilibrium

Understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched

Object permanence

Occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting the familiar hiding place rather than the new hiding place

A-not-B

Unconscious recollection

Implicit memory

Conscious memory of facts and experiences

Explicit memory

Designed for 2 to 42 month olds and assesses infant's mental and motor abilities

Bayley scales

Naming errors

Underextension, overextension

Includes only words directly relevant to meaning

Telegraphic speech

Proposes that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning (eg. parents get excited when child says dada or mama)

Learning theory approach

Theory that it is genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development

Nativist approach

Suggests that language development is a combination of genetic and environmental circumstances

Interactionist approach

Basic set of emotions

Anger, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, disgust

3 elements of basic emotions

Physiological chance, subjective feeling, overt behavior

Emotions in newborns

Distress and pleasure

Emotions at 2-3 months

Joy, social smiling, sadness

4-6 months emotions

Anger

6 months emotions

Fear

Develops out of mother's satisfying child's oral needs

Psychoanalytic view of attachment

Feeding is not crucial but a need for contact comfort is

Caregiver as a source of contact comforting

Forming attachments makes you more likely to survive

Evolutionary view

Unit 1 Exam Flashcards

(94 cards)