Unit 2 Exam Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
Are changes in height and weight faster or slower in preschool years compared to infancy?
A
Slower
2
Q
Gland that releases hormones that induce growth
A
Pituitary gland
3
Q
Leading cause of childhood death in industrialized nations
A
Accidents
4
Q
Factors related to childhood injuries
A
Lack of judgement, gender, temperament, poverty
5
Q
The process in which certain functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other
A
Lateralization
6
Q
Which hemisphere is language mostly processed in
A
Left
7
Q
Aids in balance and control of body movement
A
Cerebellum
8
Q
Maintains alertness and consciousness
A
Reticular formation
9
Q
Memory
A
Hippocampus
10
Q
Second stage of Piaget’s theory
A
Preoperational stage
11
Q
Preoperational stage
A
Thinking still limited, better able to use symbols
12
Q
Inability to distinguish between one’s perspective and someone else’s perspective
A
Egocentrism
13
Q
Belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities
A
Animism
14
Q
Focusing attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others (narrow thought)
A
Centration
15
Q
Conservation task
A
Equal jars of milk (one gets poured into skinnier, taller jar and they think that one has more than the other)
16
Q
Memory of particular events from one’s own life
A
Autobiographical memory
17
Q
Children advance when working with someone more skilled
A
Sociocultural perspective (Vygotsky)
18
Q
Difference between what one can do with assistance and what one can do alone
A
Zone of proximal development
19
Q
Teacher matches assistance to learner’s needs
A
Scaffolding
20
Q
Comments used to regulate own behavior (completing a difficult task, making a mistake)
A
Private speech
21
Q
Vocabulary rapidly expands
A
Naming explosion
22
Q
New words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter
A
Fast mapping
23
Q
Minimal unit of meaning
A
Grammatical morphemes
24
Q
Learning takes place through play
A
Child-centered programs
25
Teachers structure children's learning of academic skills through formal lessons
Academic programs
26
Federally funded program that provides children with a year or two of preschool, along with nutritional and health services
Head Start
27
A set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual
Self-concept
28
Preschoolers self-concepts include...
Physical characteristics, preferences, possessions, competencies
29
Promotes interdependence
Collectivistic orientation
30
Emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual
Individualistic orientation
31
Play alone but interested in what others are doing
Parallel play
32
Engage in similar activities and offer each other toys
Associative play
33
Organize play around a theme and take on roles based on the theme
Cooperative play
34
2 dimensions of parenting
Degree of warmth and responsiveness, control
35
High control with little warmth, little give-and-take
Authoritarian
36
Fair degree of control and warmth, explain rules and encourage discussion
Authoritative parenting
37
Warm but little control, punish infrequently
Permissive/indulgent parenting
38
No warmth and control, provide basic needs but little else
Uninvolved/neglectful parenting
39
Forms of maltreatment
Physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, psychological abuse
40
Factors that contribute to maltreatment
Culture's view on physical punishment, poverty, social isolation, parents
41
Factor of parents on maltreatment
Parents who maltreat their children often were maltreated themselves
42
The abuse and neglect that children suffer predispose them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children
Cycle of violence hypothesis
43
Refers to changes in people's sense of justice and of what is right and wrong, and in their behavior related to moral issues
Moral development
44
Stage 1 of Piaget's theory
No well-defined ideas about morality
45
Stage 2 of Piaget's theory: Moral realism
Believe that rules are created by adults and they must be followed
46
Idea that breaking a rule always leads to punishment
Immanent justice
47
Stage 3 of Piaget's theory: Moral relativism
Understand that rules are created to help people get along
48
Uses aggression to achieve an explicit goal
Instrumental aggression
49
Use aggression to intimidate, harass, or humiliate
Hostile aggression
50
One's behavior leads to another's aggression
Reactive aggression
51
Undermining of social relationships
Relational aggression
52
Approach that emphasizes how social and environmental conditions teach individuals to be aggressive
Social learning approach
53
Social and environmental factors for aggression
Parent's approach to discipline, exposure to violent media
54
Approach that suggests that aggression is related to one's interpretation of others' behaviors
Cognitive approach
55
Defined as body weight that is more than 20% above the average for a person of a given age and height
Obesity
56
Contributors to childhood obesity
Heredity, environment, parents
57
Internal cues in regards to food
Feeling full
58
External cues in regards to food
Parents forcing you to clean your plate, etc.
59
One of the more common illnesses experienced during mild childhood
Asthma
60
Factors that contribute to asthma
Heredity, environmental factors (more likely when living in poverty)
61
Learning disabilities characterized by...
Difficulty mastering an academic subject, normal intelligence, not suffering from any other conditions that could explain poor performance
62
Involves inattention, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity
ADHD
63
Piaget's third stage: concrete operational
Begins to use mental operations (strategies and rules), still limited to the tangible and real
64
Involves repeating the information to oneself
Rehearsal
65
Structure material so that related information is placed together
Organization
66
Embellish information to make it more memorable
Elaboration
67
Knowledge about literacy that children acquire before learning to read
Emergent literacy
68
Ability to hear the distinctive sounds of letters (eg. identifying words that rhyme)
Phonological awareness
69
Characterized by problems such as letter reversals, slow reading, and reduced comprehension
Dyslexia
70
Potential causes of dyslexia
Phonological processing (speech and hearing), heredity, neurological problems
71
Focuses on letter names, then letter sounds, and then syllables and words
Phonics
72
Recognizes whole words on sight
Whole word
73
Immerses child in language
Whole language
74
Scale used to test verbal ability and performance
Wechsler-Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
75
Intelligence that reflects information processing capabilities, reasoning, and memory
Fluid intelligence
76
Accumulated knowledge
Crystalized intelligence
77
Substantially below-average intelligence
Intellectual disability
78
Lowest level of intellectual disability
Profound - IQ around 20; custodial
79
2nd level of intellectual disability
Severe - IQ 20-35; custodial
80
3rd level of intellectual disability
Moderate - IQ 35-50; trainable
81
4th level of intellectual disability
Mild - IQ 50-70; educable
82
Individuals with IQ scores of 130 or higher
Giftedness
83
Knowledge of stereotypes that leads to anxiety and reduced performance
Stereotype threats
84
Self-concept in middle childhood becomes more complex and includes...
Emotional tendencies, membership in social groups, social comparisons
85
Evaluation of one's own behavior, abilities, and expertise by comparing them to those of others
Social comparison
86
When children compare themselves to others who are less competent or successful
Downward social comparisons
87
Refers to a person's judgement and feelings about his or her own worth
Self-esteem
88
Kohlberg's moral reasoning: Punishment and rewards
Preconventional
89
Kohlberg's moral reasoning: Rules and approval of others
Conventional
90
Kohlberg's moral reasoning: Abstract principles
Postconventional
91
Friendships in middle childhood
Trust and psychological closeness become part of the criteria for friendship
92
The extent to which a child is viewed as a worthy social partner
Likeability
93
Consequences of peer rejection
Poor school performance, depression, antisocial behavior
94
Well-liked children
Popular
95
Disliked children - typically the most problematic
Rejected
96
Children that are both liked and disliked
Controversial
97
Children that are liked and disliked but without the intensity found for popular, rejected, or controversial children
Average
98
Ignored, neither liked nor disliked
Neglected
99
Peer group interactions in middle childhood are gender-segregated
Gender self-segregation
100
When siblings compete or quarrel with one another - tends to increase in middle childhood
Sibling rivalry
101
Let themselves into their homes after school and wait alone until their caregivers return
Self-care children
102
Is there a noticeable difference between self-care children and children who return to home with parents
NO
103
Children of divorce are more likely to...
Experience conflict in their own marriages, have negative attitudes toward marriage, become divorced themselves
104
Changes in family life that affect children...
Loss of parental role model, economic hardship, exposure to conflict
105
How long after divorce do children begin to adjust
2 years
106
Consists of a biological parent, stepparent, and children
Blended family
107
Who benefits from stepfathers?
Boys benefit, girls do not adjust as easily
108
The developmental stage that lies between childhood and adulthood
Adolescence
109
Puberty
When sexual organs mature, when pituitary gland signals other glands to begin producing sex hormones
110
Primary sex characteristics
Organs directly involved in reproduction
111
Secondary sex characteristics
Physical signs of maturity that are not linked directly to reproductive organs
112
Marked by a refusal to eat and an irrational fear of being overweight
Anorexia nervosa
113
Alternate between binge eating and purging
Bulimia nervosa
114
Area of the brain that allows people to think, evaluate, and make complex judgements
Prefrontal cortex
115
4th stage of Piaget's theory
Formal operational stage
116
Formal operational stage
Can think hypothetically and reason deductively
117
Self-absorption
Adolescent egocentrism
118
Belief that others are constantly watching
Imaginary audience
119
Grades awarded to high-school students have shifted upwards but they are not necessarily smarter
Grade inflation
120
Reasons for using drugs in adolescence
Effects from using them, escape from everyday life, thrill-seeking, enhance academic performance
121
Most serious and deadly STI
AIDS
122
Most common STI
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
123
Attitudes, personality traits, situation specific personality traits/behaviors
Self-concept in adolescence
124
Does self-esteem rise or fall from mild childhood to adolescence?
Rise
125
Not commuted to an identity and not searching
Diffusion
126
Not committed to an identity but exploring options
Moratorium
126
Committed to an identity without searching first
Foreclosure
127
Have chosen an identity after a period of searching
Achievement
128
Most adolescents are in a state of what two identities?
Diffusion and foreclosure
129
Biological component to depression
Reduced levels of norepinephrine and serotonin
130
One of the leading causes of death for adolescents
Suicide
131
Which gender is more likely to die by suicide
Males
132
Divide between parents and children in attitudes and values
Generation gap
133
Is the generation gap large in adolescents and parents?
No, narrow
134
Group of 4 to 6 kids who are friends, have similar interests and spend a lot of time together
Cliques
135
Large mixed-sex groups; often known by names
Crowds
136
When is peer pressure most powerful
When the standards for appropriate behavior is not clear
137
Begins in childhood, includes high levels of aggression, disobedience, and threatening behavior
Childhood-onset delinquency
138
Begins in adolescence, problems are typically milder
Adolescent-onset delinquency
139
Purpose of romantic relationships in younger adolescents
Companionship
140
Purpose of romantic relationships for older adolescents
Trust and support
141
Prenatal exposure to hormones
Exposed to higher testosterone, more likely to be homosexual
142
Has # of teen pregnancies declined or increased in the US?
Declined
143
