unit 1 exam revision

Question 1

Nature

Answer 1

development directly caused by one’s genetic composition, also known as hereditary factors.

Question 2

Nurture

Answer 2

humans are shaped by their environment, experiences, geography, and social circle.

Question 3

biopsychosocial model

Answer 3

understanding the human experience in terms of the influence of biological, psychological, and social factors.

Question 4

Biological factors

Answer 4

internal genetic and/
or physiologically based factors. These factors can be innate, such as genetic predispositions passed down from one’s parents, or can come about later in life, such as through taking certain medications.

Question 5

Biological - examples

Answer 5

• Genetic predispositions
• Medications/substances
• Nutrition
• Sleep
• Diseases and immune system functioning
• Hormones

Question 6

Psychological factors

Answer 6

internal factors pertaining to an individual’s mental processes, including their cognition, affect, thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes. In essence, psychological factors are everything that an individual experiences within their mind.

Question 7

Psychological - examples

Answer 7

• Attitudes/ beliefs
• Emotions (affect)
• Personality
• Coping skills
• Sense of self
• Self-esteem
• Thoughts
• Memories and learning

Question 8

social factors

Answer 8

Social factors are external factors relating to an individual’s interactions with others and their external environment, including their relationships and community involvement. This can include close personal relationships
as well as an individual’s experience within a greater society.

Question 9

social - examples

Answer 9

• Interpersonal relationships
• Attachment style
• Cultural norms
• Socioeconomic status
• Education
• Physical environment
• Family environment
• Level of social support

Question 10

emotional development

Answer 10

refers to the continuous, lifelong development of skills that allow individuals to control, express, and recognise emotions in an appropriate way.

Question 11

Theory of mind

Answer 11

• recognising the emotions of others
• assigning words to certain emotions, such as ‘happy’ or ‘sad’
• participating in imaginary play
• understanding that the expression of certain emotions may lead to consequences.

Question 12

attachment styles

Answer 12

• secure attachment
• insecure attachment

Question 13

secure attachment

Answer 13

Secure attachment involves the needs of the infant being consistently met by their primary caregiver/s, allowing the infant to feel calmed by the presence of the caregiver when they feel distressed.

Question 14

secure attachment outcomes

Answer 14

• a sense of trust in others
• feeling valued by others
• feeling secure in expressing one’s emotions
• development of skills which can assist
  the individual in dealing with challenging social circumstances, such as a breakup.

Question 15

insecure attachment

Answer 15

Insecure attachment may involve the primary caregiver/s inconsistently meeting the infant’s needs or consistently ignoring their needs, commonly leading to infants not seeking comfort from the caregiver
or being overly desperate for comfort from their caregiver when they experience distress.

Question 16

insecure attachment outcomes

Answer 16

• either craving or rejecting affection
• increased feelings of anxiety
• inappropriate expression of, or the inability to, express emotions.

Question 17

cognitive deveopment

Answer 17

refers to the continuous, lifelong development of the ability to think, comprehend, and organise information from the internal and external environment.

Question 18

social development

Answer 18

is the continuous, lifelong development of certain skills, attitudes, relationships, and behaviours that enable an individual to interact with others and to function as a member of society.

Question 19

Eriksons theory?

Answer 19

we go through eight developmental stages as we grow up, from being a baby to an old person. In each stage, we have a challenge to overcome.

Question 20

trust vs mistrust

Answer 20

Infants’ needs are reliably met

Question 21

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Answer 21

Encouraged to make choices independently

Question 22

initiative vs guilt

Answer 22

Independent plans encouraged

Question 23

industry vs inferiority

Answer 23

Proud of performances

Question 24

identity vs role confusion

Answer 24

Strong belief of self

Question 25

intimacy vs isolation

Answer 25

Can form strong relationships

Question 26

Generativity vs stagnation

Answer 26

Contributed to others’ wellbeings

Question 27

integrity vs despair

Answer 27

Satisfied reflection of life

Question 28

types of developmental periods

Answer 28

critical periods sensitive periods

Question 29

sensitive periods

Answer 29

Particular skills and functions with sensitive periods will be easiest to learn during this developmental period, however, have the ability to be developed at a later time.

Question 30

critical periods

Answer 30

Skills or functions within a set critical period must be learnt during this predetermined period.

Question 31

psychological criteria

Answer 31

social norms statistical rarity personal distress maladaptive behaviours cultural perpectives

Question 32

cultural perspectives

Answer 32

he influence of society and community on one’s thoughts

Question 33

social norms

Answer 33

society’s unofficial rules and expectations regarding how individuals should act

Question 34

Statistical rarity

Answer 34

something that lies outside the range of statistical normality and is also unusual enough to be considered significant

Question 35

Personal distress

Answer 35

an aversive and often self-oriented emotional reaction

Question 36

Maladaptive behaviour

Answer 36

an action that impairs an individual’s ability to meet the changing demands of their everyday life

Question 37

neurodiversity disorders

Answer 37

ASD ADHD Dyslexia

Question 38

Austism

Answer 38

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by impaired social interactions, verbal and non-verbal communication difficulties, narrow interests, and repetitive behaviours.

Question 39

ADHD

Answer 39

a neurological condition characterised by persistent inattention or hyperactivity that disrupts social, academic, or occupational functioning

Question 40

dyslexia

Answer 40

a neurologically based learning difficulty manifested as severe challenges in reading, spelling, writing words, and sometimes in arithmetic

Question 41

phrenology

Answer 41

the study of the shape and size of the human skull to determine personality and mental functioning

Question 42

regions of the brain

Answer 42

forebrain midbrain hindbrain

Question 43

cerebral cortex

Answer 43

Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe

Question 44

neuron

Answer 44

a nerve cell that receives and transmits neural information

Question 45

parts of the neuron

Answer 45

Dendrites Myelin Axon terminals

Question 46

dendrites

Answer 46

Receive neuronal messages

Question 47

myelin

Answer 47

Insulates the neuron and prevents disturbance from other neurons

Question 48

axon terminals

Answer 48

Sends neuronal messages to the next neuron

Question 49

neuroplasticity

Answer 49

the ability of the brain to change in response to experience or environmental stimulation

Question 50

developmental plasticity

Answer 50

changes in the brain that occur in response to ageing and maturation

Question 51

Synaptogenesis

Answer 51

the formation of synapses between neurons as axon terminals and dendrites grow

Question 52

Synaptic pruning

Answer 52

the elimination of underused synapses

Question 53

Myelination

Answer 53

the formation and development of myelin around the axon of a neuron

Question 54

Adaptive plasticity

Answer 54

the brain’s ability to restore adequate neural functioning over time after sustaining injury

Question 55

Sprouting

Answer 55

a neuron’s ability to develop new branches on the dendrites or axons

Question 56

Rerouting

Answer 56

a neuron’s ability to form a new connection with another undamaged neuron

Question 57

ways to maintain brain function

Answer 57

Mental stimulation Diet Physical activity Social support

Question 58

CTE

Answer 58

a progressive and fatal brain disease associated with repeated head injuries and concussions

Question 59

symptoms of CTE

Answer 59

* impairments in executive functions, such as reasoning and decision-making * memory loss * depression * difficulties with attention and concentration * disturbances in behaviour * anxiety and paranoia * mood impairments, such as increased aggression and emotional outbursts.