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AP Statistics > Unit 1: Exploring One-Variable Data > Flashcards

Unit 1: Exploring One-Variable Data Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Statistics

A

The science of reasoning from data (Dealing with Data)

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2
Q

Population

A

The entire group of people/things that you want to investigate.

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3
Q

Sample

A

Smaller portion of the population that you want to gather information about

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4
Q

Data

A

Actual values of the variables you find from sampling (Ex. the number of people who like certain sports the best)

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5
Q

Parameter

A

Data about a population (numerical characteristic)

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6
Q

Statistic

A

Data about a sample (numerical characteristic)

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7
Q

Variable

A

Element, feature, or factor that’s liable to vary or change

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8
Q

Convenience Sampling

A

A type of sampling that is NOT random and involves using a population that is READILY AVAILABLE

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9
Q

Quota Sampling

A

Using a sample that is selected to match the population with respect to some specific characteristic(s)

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10
Q

Cluster Sampling

A

Dividing the population into groups, then randomly selecting some of the groups

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11
Q

Systematic Sampling

A

Randomly selecting a starting point in a list of names and taking every nth piece of data from a listing of the population (a special subset of cluster samples)

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12
Q

Stratified Sampling

A

Dividing the population into groups, and then taking your sample from a proportionate number from each group

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13
Q

Observational Units

A

The person or thing to which the number or category is assigned

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14
Q

Datum

A

One piece of data

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15
Q

Variability

A

The phenomenon of a variable taking on different values or categories from observational unit to observational unit

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16
Q

Quantitative Variable

A

Measures a numerical characteristic such as height

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17
Q

Categorical Variable

A

Records a group designation such as gender

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18
Q

Binary Variables

A

Categorical variables with only two possible categories, for example, male and female

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19
Q

Bar Graph

A

Displays the distribution of a categorical variable

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20
Q

Distribution

A

The distribution of a variable refers to its pattern of variation. With a categorical variable, distribution means the variable’s possible categories and the proportion of responses in each.

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21
Q

Statistical Tendency

A

Refers to observational units in one group being more likely to a certain category or to have higher values than those in another group

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22
Q

Consistency

A

Refers to how variable, or how spread out, the values in a dataset are for a quantitative variable

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23
Q

Representative

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A

If the sample is selected carefully, it is has similar characteristics of the population

24
Q

Sample Size

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A

The number of observational units studied in a sample

25
Sampling Bias
If a sampling procedure tends systematically to over-represent certain segments of the population and underrepresent others
26
Voluntary Response Variables
Refers to samples collected in such a way that members of the population decide for themselves whether or not to participate in the study
27
Nonresponse Variables
When people do not reply to the survey
28
Sampling Frame
The list used to decide the subjects
29
Explanatory Variable
The variable whose effect you want to study; X value, input
30
Response Variable
The variable that you suspect is affected by the other variable; Y value, Output
31
Observational Study
Establishes an association or relationship between the explanatory and response variables, but you cannot draw a cause-and-effect conclusion between the explanatory and response variables
32
Lurking Variables
Variables that are unaccounted for that could affect the response variable
33
Confounding Variable
Lurking variable whose effects on the response variable are indistinguishable from the effects of the explanatory variable
34
Ordinal Data
Numbers which are categorical
35
Categorical Graphs
Bar graph, segmented bar graph, and pie chart
36
Extrapolating
Making a guess based on data outside of your data set
37
Shape
Normal(bell), skewed left/right, variability (uniform)
38
Center
Mean(normal), median(skewed), mode
39
Spread
Range, IQR (75-25), standard deviation
40
Causal
Only 1 variable changes
41
Casual
Association
42
Prospective & Retrospective
2 types of observational studies
43
Prospective Study
Have an idea, but haven't recorded it yet
44
Retrospective Study
Data has already been collected
45
Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
Give every member of the population the same chance of being selected for the sample. It must ensure that every possible sample has an equal chance of being the sample ultimately selected
46
Table of Random Digits
Table is constructed so that each position is equally likely to be occupies by any one of the digits, and so that the value in any one position has no impact on the value in any other position
47
Unbiased
If the values of the statistic from different random samples are centered at the actual parameter value
48
Sampling Variability
Refers to the fact that the values of sample statistics vary from sample to sample
49
Precision
Refers to how much the values vary from sample to sample. (Precision is related to sample size: sample statistics from larger samples are more precise and closer together than those from smaller samples. Statistics from larger random samples, therefore, provide a more accurate estimate of the corresponding population parameter.)
50
Anecdotal Evidence
Refers to situations that come to mind easily and are of little value in scientific research.
51
Third Quartile
The median of the stat values that are to the right of the median in the ordered list
52
Quartiles
The quartiles divide the ordered data set into four groups having roughly the same number of values. Arrange data from smallest to largest to find it
53
First Quartile
The median of the stat values that are to the left of the median in the ordered list
54
Resistant
A statistical measure is a resistant if it isn't sensitive to extreme values
55
Discrete Variable
A quantitative variable that takes a fixed set of possible values with gaps between them
56
Continuous Variable
A quantitative variable that can take any value in an interval on the number line

AP Statistics (1 decks)

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