Unit 1: Homeostatic Responses & Endocrine Flashcards by Salina H Huy

List 3 aspects of a homeostatic response:

Parameter moves out of range or to the far edges of its range
Detection (cell or tissue dedicated to detection)
Response to restore normality (stereotypical; negative feedback)

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Homeostatic Control:

Local:

Systemic/Reflex:

Local: paracrine signaling

Systemic/Reflex: response loop, feedforward, feedback loop (negative or positive)

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Primary (1º) Pathology: issues with ______ integrating center- _______ in the pathway

various _____

THE FINAL
hormone-release

various endocrine cells/glands

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Secondary (2º) Pathology: issues with ______ integrating center

typically the ______

intermediate

anterior pituitary

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Tertiary (3º) Pathology: issues with _____ integrating center

typically the _______

the FIRST

hypothalamus

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Hormone Interactions:

Synergism: effect of multiple hormones _____ is greater than additive effect
Antagonism: one hormone has ______ effect of another
Permissiveness: one hormone allows for another to _____, first hormone has ______ on parameter

simultaneously
adding
1 + 1 > 2

opposite
1 + 1 = 0

exert full effect
NO DIRECT EFFECT
*Hormone needs to not already work in full effect/normal level without permissive hormone

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Two basic types of physiological signals:
- Electrical signals are changes in a cell’s _____
- Chemical signals are molecules secreted by cells into the ____.

The cells that respond to electrical or chemical signals are called ____

membrane potential
ECF

target cells

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Types of Local cell-cell communication:

a) Gap junctions form direct cytoplasmic _____ between _____ cells (____ CAN’T go through gap junctions)
- _____ signals

b) Contact-dependent signals or Juxtacrine require interaction between membrane molecules on two cells.
- “Neighbor” to signaling cell

c) Autocrine signals act on the ____ cell that secreted them. Paracrine signals are secreted by one cell and diffuse to _____ cells.
- _____ signals

connections, adjacent
large things, ex. glucose

Electrical + chemical signals

same
adjacent
chemical

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Types of Long Cell-Cell Communication:

Endocrine system:
_____ are secreted by endocrine glands or cells into the blood.
- _____ signals

-
- _____ signals

Hormones
chemical signals

Neurotransmitters
Neurohormones
electrical and chemical signals

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A cell can respond to a particular chemical signal only if the cell has the appropriate _____ to bind that signal.

receptor protein

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Intracellular receptors:
Bind _____ hormones
Act as _____

steroid or thyroid
transcription factors

steroid (lipophilic, cholesterol-based)
hydrophobic –> NEEDs intracellular receptor to get into nucleus

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Cell Membrane Receptors:
- Bind ____ and other _____ signals
- Usually activate a _____ messenger

peptide hormones, lipophobic

2º (cAMP, dAG, etc)

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A ______ signal can be a paracrine in one context and a neurotransmitter in another

___ distance communication is necessary for reflexes

Insulin requires a ____ in order to communicate with target cell

chemical

Long

membrane receptor

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Insulin release pathway is an example of a _____ reflex

Stimulus:
Receptor:
Afferent:
Integrating center:
Efferent:
Effectors:
Immediate response:
Overall response:

simple endocrine

Stimulus: high glucose
Receptor: beta cell
Afferent: none
Integrating center: beta cell
Efferent: insulin
Effectors: adipose and muscle
Immediate response: increase glucose uptake
Overall response: decrease glucose

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The beta cell is the ____ and _____ of the insulin pathway

receptor, integrating center

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Knee jerk reflex is an example of a _____ reflex

Stimulus:
Receptor:
Afferent:
Integrating center:
Efferent:
Effectors:
Immediate response:
Overall response:

simple neural

Stimulus: tap patellar ligament
Receptor: mechanoreceptor
Afferent: sensory/afferent neuron
Integrating center: spinal cord
Efferent: somatic motor neuron (somatic = skeletal muscle)
Effectors: skeletal muscle
Immediate response:
Overall response: muscle contraction

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The efferent in the baroreceptor reflex in response to high blood pressure is:

A. sympathetic
B. parasympathetic
C. somatic

B. parasympathetic (rest)

sympathetic - fight or flight

Baroreceptor reflex –> used to control blood pressure

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Endocrine: glands/tissues that release _____
Hormone: chemical messenger that is secreted into the ____ to distant target cells/organs
Neurohormone: hormone secreted by ____
Trophic hormone: a hormone that target endocrine glands to secrete _____ hormone

hormones

bloodstream

neuron

another

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Three major classes of hormones:

Amine - synthesized from either tyrosine or tryptophan
Catecholamines and thyroid hormones

Steroid - made from cholesterol
Adrenal cortex and gonads
(-sterone)

Peptide - synthesized by linking amino acids
Most hormones

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Norepinephrine is what class of hormone?

Amine, catecholamine

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Aldosterone is what class of hormone?

steroid

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Secretin is what class of hormone?

Peptide

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GnRH is what class of hormone?

Study These Flashcards

Peptide

T4 is what class of hormone?

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Amine, thyroid

Insulin and parathyroid hormone are ____ hormones

peptide

Estrogen, androgens, and cortisol are _____ hormones

steroid

Peptide hormones: Lipo-_____ Cannot easily pass membrane, need to use a _____ Signal _____

phobic receptor transduction

Steroid hormones: Lipo-___ _____ through membrane Bind to _____ in plasma

philic Easily pass carrier protein

Catecholamines behave like ____: Need a _____ Signal ____

peptides membrane receptor transduction

Thyroid hormones behave like ____ (_____ through membrane)

steroids can pass

Aldosterone and T4 are likely to act as a _____ factor

transcription

Anterior Pituitary is derived from true epithelium = true _____

endocrine

Posterior Pituitary is derived from ____ tissue, ______ reflex

neural neurohormone

Anterior Pituitary hormones: Posterior Pituitary hormones:

FLAT PG oxytocin ADH

Anterior Pituitary is _____ integrating center

2nd

Long loop negative feedback occurs when _____ is high and will inhibit ____ and ______. Short loop negative feedback occurs when ______ is high and will inhibit ______

primary hormones anterior pituitary hypothalamus secondary hormone hypothalamus

In the cortisol pathway CRH and ACTH are _____ hormones

trophic

The anterior pituitary has a ____ connection to the hypothalamus

vascular

The posterior pituitary has a _____ connection to the hypothalamus

neural

Long and short-loop negative feedback and primary, secondary, tertiary disorders do NOT apply to posterior pituitary pathways because...

the hypothalamus is its ONLY integrating center need MULTIPLE integrating centers for terms to apply

Hormones and Neurotransmitters are ______ distance communication

long

Has slow, long-lasting effect: Aldosterone or ADH??

Aldosterone, lipophilic

Homeostatic response is ALWAYS a ______ pathway

negative feedback

Protein in stomach upregulates HCl and pepsin secretion, which feed back to stimulate more HCl and pepsin secretion.

Positive feedback

Positive feedback loops are NOT homeostatic. ______ the stimulus rather than decreasing or removing it.

Reinforces

The presence of carbohydrates in the small intestine upregulates insulin before plasma glucose increases.

feedforward (response happens before stimulus occurs)

Ends with the response, such as the knee jerk reflex

Response loop

Increasing estrogen levels cause LH surge, triggering ovulation

Positive feedback

Salivation reflex in response to thought of pizza is an example

Feedforward

Response either opposes or removes the signal

Negative feedback

Reflex controls:

positive feedback, negative feedback, response loop, and feedforward control

The integrating center in a strictly neural reflex is always some part of the _____. The integrating center in an endocrine reflex is always:_____

central nervous system an endocrine gland or cell

The efferent in a neural reflex is always an efferent, also known as ____ neuron. The two broad categories for this type of neuron are: _____

motor somatic (voluntary muscle movements) and autonomic (involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate and digestion)

The efferent in an endocrine reflex is always a ______

hormone

Unit 1: Homeostatic Responses & Endocrine Flashcards

(55 cards)