Unit 1 - Hormonal Regulation of Growth, Development, and Metabolism

Question 1

What is the Pituitary Gland

Answer 1

Aka “master gland” as it releases variety of tropic hormones.

—>Posterior: stores hormones produced by hypothalamus, part of NS.
—>Anterior: produced 6 major hormones.

Question 2

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

Answer 2

When osmotic pressure is too high (dehydration) ADH is released from pit.
—>ADH travels to kidneys which makes it increase water absorption.
—>When theres more water kept in the body, osmotic pressure decreased and negatively feeds back to hypothalamus and pituitary gland. ADH stops being released.

Question 3

hGH (Human Growth Hormone)

Answer 3

Produced in hypothalamus, released by pituitary gland during childhood and adolescence.
—>Travels to muscles and boned to cause cell division, and breakdown of energy stored in fat cells.

Question 4

Thyroxine (T4)

Answer 4

Thyroxine is released from thyroid gland to regulate metabolism.
—>Travels to many tissues (ex. liver, adipose tissue) to increase breakdown of stores carbs, fats, protein.

Question 5

ADH Production Level

Answer 5

HYPER-SECRETION: High blood pressure, low solute concentration, low urine production.

HYPO-SECRETION: Low blood pressure, high solute concentration, high urine production.

Question 6

hGH Production Level

Answer 6

HYPER-SECRETION: Causes abnormally body sizes

HYPO-SECRETION: Causes abnormally small body size.

Question 7

TSH & Thyroxine Production Level

Answer 7

HYPERTHYROIDISM: weight loss, anxiety, insomnia.

HYPOTHYROIDISM: (children) physical and mental development delays. (Adults) weight gain, fatigue, slow pulse, hair loss.
—>Can be caused of lack of iodine (T4 molecule contains iodine).

—> No production of T4 —> No negative feedback for TSH —> Excess stimulation of thyroid by TSH —> Swelling of thyroid gland (goitre).

Question 8

TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)

Answer 8

Thyroxine release is controlled by TSH.
—>TSH releases from pituitary gland, travels to thyroid gland to cause thyroid release.
—>As Thyroxine levels rise in blood, negative feedback on hypothalamus and pituitary gland which inhibits further release of TSH.

Question 9

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

Answer 9

Released from parathyroid gland (four small gland attached to thyroid) which increased Ca2+ levels in the blood.
—>Kidney: increase reabsorption of Ca2+.
—>Small Intestine: Increase absorption of Ca2+ from food.

Question 10

Calcitonin

Answer 10

Released from thyroid (NOT parathyroid) gland which decreased Ca2+ in blood.
—>Works on same tissues of body as PTH, with opposite effects (ex. deposition of Ca2+ from blood onto bone.
—> Low reabsorption of kidney, low absorption in small intestine.

Question 11

PTH and Calcitonin Level

Answer 11

Hyper of PTH/ Hypo of Calcitonin: Causes osteoporosis (too much bone breakdown which causes bones become brittle)

Hypo of PTH/ Hyper of Calcitonin: Issues with muscle contraction (because of lack of Ca2+), kidney stones (Ca2+ precipitating out of urine).