Unit 1 - Intro and Hematopoiesis

Question 1

Which cell morphology term relates to the active state of a cell that allows transcription?

Answer 1

Parachromatin (aka euchromatin)

Question 2

What kind of cell has parachromatin? How does it appear.

Answer 2

Immature Cells
Light-staining

Question 3

Which cell morphology term relates to the inactive state of a cell that does not allow transcription?

Answer 3

Chromatin (aka heterochromatin)

Question 4

What kind of cell has chromatin? How does it appear?

Answer 4

Mature cells
Dense, dark staining

Question 5

What is the mainstays of stains used in hematology?

Answer 5

Romanowski Stains

Question 6

How do Romanowski stains stain the basic parts of a cell?

Answer 6

The basic part of a cell is attracted to the eosin, which is the acidic component of the stain

Question 7

How do romanowski stains stain the acidic parts of a cell?

Answer 7

The acidic part of a cell is attracted to the methylene blue, which is the basic component of the stain

Question 8

What color is eosin/acidic part of the stain?

Answer 8

Red-orange

Question 9

What color is the methylene blue/basic part of the stain?

Answer 9

Bluish purple

Question 10

Why are RBCs red

Answer 10

They are basic and are attracted to the acidic eosin

Question 11

Why are DNA & RNA blue

Answer 11

They are acidic and attracted to the basic methylene blue

Question 12

G1

Answer 12

Cell components minus chromosomes are duplicated

Question 13

S

Answer 13

The 46 chromosomes are duplicated

Question 14

G2

Answer 14

The cell checks the duplicated chromosomes for error

Question 15

Mitosis

Answer 15

Cell division

Question 16

What is the order of a standard cell cycle?

Answer 16

G1, S, G2, Mitosis

Question 17

What regulates hematopoiesis?

Answer 17

Hormones
Growth Factor
Apoptosis

Question 18

Where does adult hematopoiesis take place?

Answer 18

The axial skeleton and the proximal ends of long bones

Question 19

What does it mean if the bone marrow outside of the axial skeleton is producing blood cells? In adults

Answer 19

There is a disease state

Question 20

What organs are secondary hematopoietic sites?

Answer 20

Liver
Spleen

Question 21

What does extra medullary mean?

Answer 21

That areas outside of the middle or medulla of the bone are conducting hematopoiesis.

Question 22

Stem Cell Marker

Answer 22

CD34

Question 23

When and where does the embryonic stage of hematopoiesis occur?

Answer 23

Up to 6 weeks gestation
Yolk Sac, AGM

Question 24

When and where does the fetal stage of hematopoiesis occur?

Answer 24

From around 2mo up to 9 mo gestation
FetalLiver & Spleen

Question 25

What is the predominant organ conducting hematopoiesis during fetal stage of development?

Answer 25

Liver

Question 26

When does the liver peak in hematopoiesis?

Answer 26

6 months gestation

Question 27

When and where does the neonatal stage of hematopoiesis occur?

Answer 27

At birth Occurs in all bones

Question 28

When does the body begin replacing red marrow with yellow marrow?

Answer 28

Around 4 years of age until 18 years of age

Question 29

Why do newborns produce blood cells in all bones?

Answer 29

They're primarily all red marrow to allow for fast growth

Question 30

Where is active bone marrow?

Answer 30

In extravascular bone spaces between trabecular

Question 31

How much of bone marrow is active in an adult?

Answer 31

Half active (red), Half inactive (yellow)

Question 32

What is trebeculae?

Answer 32

Supportive structure in bone marrow that forms a mesh that is full of bone marrow

Question 33

Hematopoiesis definition

Answer 33

production and development of blood cells each with unique structure, function, and life span

Question 34

when does hematopoiesis occur?

Answer 34

Constantly to maintain homeostasis

Question 35

When does bone marrow begin to be replaced by fat cells

Answer 35

4 years of age

Question 36

What happens to bone marrow from between 4-18 years of age

Answer 36

more bone marrow replaced by yellow marrow and confined to axial and proximal ends of bones

Question 37

How do cells develop? What formation

Answer 37

In islands that are made up of one cell

Question 38

What is studied in MDTC 301 (this course)

Answer 38

Hematopoiesis Blood cell physiology Cell counts and differentiation RBC disorders (anemias) WBC disorders (non-neoplastic) Instrumentation

Question 39

What is studied in MDTC 401 (next course)

Answer 39

Coag (inc. platelets) Bone marrow studies Cancers (leuk & lymphoma) neoplastic disorders body fluids QC & Instrumentation

Question 40

All cells share a common ancestor. Who?

Answer 40

Pluripotent stem cell. (PSC or HSC)

Question 41

What are the two ways precursor cells divide?

Answer 41

Self renewal, maintaining stem cell pool Differentiation into blood cells

Question 42

What cells produce growth factors?

Answer 42

Marrow stromal cells (adipocytes, fibroblasts, osteoblasts) Endothelial cells (cells that line the blood vessels) Lymphocytes Monocytes/Macrophage

Question 43

What are the multi-lineage and early acting growth factors?

Answer 43

Non-specific - stem cell factor - GM-CSF -IL-3 -IL-6 -IL-11

Question 44

What are the restricted linearge, and late acting growth factors?

Answer 44

G-CSF M-CSF EPO TPO IL-5

Question 45

What are indirect-acting and stimulates other cells to release growth factors?

Answer 45

IL-1

Question 46

what does IL-1 do? and NOT do?

Answer 46

They do not stimulate colonies by themselves, they tell other cells to release growth factors

Question 47

Pleiotropic definition

Answer 47

Multiple biologic activities

Question 48

What does it mean when growth factors are pleiotropic?

Answer 48

They have other functions besides stimulating cells to mature into a cell type

Question 49

Growth factors are often produced by what?

Answer 49

Stromal cells

Question 50

Full hematopoiesis requires...?

Answer 50

Multiple stimulation sources

Question 51

What do growth factors act on?

Answer 51

Cell receptors

Question 52

Growth Factors can act as...

Answer 52

Negative Regulators of Hematopoiesis

Question 53

How do negative growth factor regulators work?

Answer 53

Inhibit growth factors Promote apoptosis

Question 54

How can growth factors be used therapeutically?

Answer 54

EPO in renal disease G-CSF and GM-CSF after chemo IL-1 enhance APR

Question 55

What is the first recognizable cell in a cell series?

Answer 55

____blast

Question 56

How does N/C (nuclear:cytoplasmic) ratio change during maturation?

Answer 56

Decrease

Question 57

What does it mean when cytoplasm is color blue? (basophilic)

Answer 57

Mature color of cell line