UNIT 1 Introduction to Cytogenetics

Question 1

Which of the following is classified under classical cytogenetics?

A. CGH
B. FISH
C. G-banding
D. Alphoid probes

Answer 1

C. G-banding
(A, B, and D are molecular cytogenetics)

Question 2

The pioneering effort of this scientist led to the first attempts to determine the number of chromosomes using laboratory techniques.

Answer 2

Theophilus Painter

Estimated 48 chromosomes.

Question 3

In the laboratory, chromosomes are stained to allow proper visualization and increase the contrast. This technique was pioneered by?

Answer 3

Walther Flemming

Aniline staining.

Question 4

Chromosomal crossover between homologous chromosomes is important because it results in new combinations of genes that are different from either parent, contributing to genetic diversity. This process was first theorized by:

Answer 4

Walter Stanborough Sutton

Question 5

British scientist _______’s application of radiation science was truly history. This scientist’s work with X-Ray crystallography conformed the double-helix structure of the DNA molecule.

Answer 5

Rosalind Franklin

Question 6

Who among the following scientists discovered the process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from the environment?

A. Erwin Chargaff
B. Frederick Griffith
C. Cyril Dean Darlington
D. Walter Stanborough Sutton

Answer 6

B. Frederick Griffith

A (Chargaff’s rule)
C (Eugenics)
D (Genetic diversity)

Question 7

Which of the following is the pioneering contribution of Wilhelm von Waldeyer in the field of cytogenetics?

a. The naming of chromosomes based on anatomical-morphological concepts.
b. The enumeration of the number of chromosomes from a human sample.
c. The use of culture techniques to allow the study of chromosomes

Answer 7

a. The naming of chromosomes based on anatomical-morphological concepts.

B (Painter)
C (Moorehead et al.)

Question 8

The first ‘correct’ karyotype of a human diploid chromosome is credited to:

Answer 8

Tjio and Levan

Question 9

He called the microorganisms that he found everywhere in vast numbers “very many little animalcules”

Answer 9

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

Question 10

He observed nucleus in a plant cell while studying the process of fertilization in the year 1831.

Answer 10

Robert Brown

(discovered nucleus in Tradescantia)

Question 11

In 1964 in De sexu plantarum (On the Sex of Plants), who produced the clear experimental evidence for the sexuality of plants?

Answer 11

Rudolf Jacob Camerarius

pollen = male
pistil = female

Question 12

He believed that the long necks of giraffes evolved as generations of giraffes reached for ever higher leaves.

Answer 12

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

Question 13

It is a mechanism of action that includes tubulin depolymerization and disruption of mitotic spindles.

Answer 13

Colchicine

Question 14

Aniline dyes are ____ (acidic;basic), and this is the reason why they stick to nucleic acids which are acidic in nature.

Answer 14

Basic

Question 15

Aniline is derived from which material?

Answer 15

Coal tar

Question 16

What kind of chromosome did Painter discovered in insects?

Answer 16

Polytene

Question 17

What represents an individual’s complete set of chromosomes?

Answer 17

Karyotype

Question 18

This term also refers to a laboratory-produced image of a person’s chromosomes isolated from an individual cell and arranged in numerical order.

Answer 18

Karyotype

Question 19

This principle states that the amount of cytosine was very close to equaling the amount of guanine.

Answer 19

Chargaff’s rule

Question 20

TRUE or FALSE:

A = T is equal to G = C

Answer 20

FALSE

A = T does not equal to G = C

Question 21

________ studies include techniques such as amniocentesis followed by FISH.

Answer 21

Pre-natal screens

Question 22

FISH could also be used to study ____ such as those that are a product of translocation, chromosomal gain or loss, or deletion of p53 gene.

Answer 22

Cancer

Question 23

The main focus of the study of Cytogenetics is the nuclear content of the cell, particularly the?

Answer 23

Chromosomes

Question 24

This is qualitative changes in chromosomal structure.

Answer 24

Aberration

Question 25

This is useful for studies of chromosomal that has odd numbers of chromosomes.

Answer 25

Aneuploidy

Question 26

IN CML, the fusion gene is detected in _____ FISH, in which the cell is in a generative but non-replicative phase.

Answer 26

Interphase fish

Question 27

This technique for analyzing solid tumors was first done by Kallioniemi and colleagues in 1992.

Answer 27

Comparative Genome Hybridization (CGH)