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MT 6315 (Cytogenetics) > UNIT 7.2: Chromosome Banding > Flashcards

UNIT 7.2: Chromosome Banding Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

A part of a chromosome which is clearly distinguishable from its adjacent segments by appearing darker or lighter

A

band

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2
Q

History of Chromosome Banding

In 1958, Caspersson et al., published their first paper describing the use of ____ to stain chromosome there by ushered in a new era of chromosome banding

A

Quinacrine mustard

a fluorescent dye

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3
Q

History of Chromosome Banding

The ____ was the first attempt to provide nomenclature for chromosome banding in any species and thus its recommendations have been adopted to nonhyman species as well

A

The Paris report (1971)

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4
Q

Why study banding pattern?

A

allows you to see smaller pieces of the chromosome, so that you could identify smaller structural chromosome abnormalities not visible on a routine analysis

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5
Q

Classification of Banding Techniques

Q

A

Quinacrine

Casperson et al. (1958)

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6
Q

Classification of Banding Techniques

G

A

Giemsa

Summer et al. (1971)

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7
Q

Classification of Banding Techniques

N

A

NOR

Matsui & Sasaki (1973)

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8
Q

Classification of Banding Techniques

C

A

Centromeric

Linde & Laursen (1978)

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9
Q

Q-banding

Staining technique used in Q-banding

A

Quinacrine (QTQ)

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10
Q

Q-banding

Microscope Used in Q-banding

A

Fluorescent microscope

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11
Q

Q-banding

Uses and advantages of Q-banding

A
  • ID of all chromosomes and bands
  • Reveals polymorphisms on chromosomes 3,4,13,15,21,22 and Y
  • easily destained for sequential staining
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12
Q

G-banding

Staining techniques used in G-banding

A
  • Giemsa (GTG)
  • Wrights
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13
Q

G-banding

Microscope used in G-banding

A

Brightfield microscope

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14
Q

G-banding

Uses and advantages of G-banding

A
  • ID of all chromosomes and bands
  • Permanent stain
  • Simple photography
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15
Q

R-banding (Reverse banding)

Staining techniques used in R-banding

A
  • Giemsa (RHG)
  • CH3/DA
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16
Q

R-banding (Reverse banding)

Microscopes used in R-banding

A
  • Brightfield microscope- Giemsa (RHG)
  • Fluorescent microscope - CH3/DA
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17
Q

R-banding (Reverse banding)

Uses and advantages of R-banding

A
  • ID of all chromosomes and bands
  • Visualization of ends of chromosomes and small positive R-bands
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18
Q

Replication banding

Staining techniques used in Replication banding

A
  • Hoechst
  • Hoechst and Giemsa
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19
Q

Replication banding

Staining techniques used in Replication banding

A
  • Hoechst
  • Hoechst and Giemsa
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20
Q

Replication banding

Microscopes used in Replication banding

A
  • Fluorescent microscope -Hoechst
  • Brightfield microscope- Hoechst and Giemsa
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21
Q

Replication banding

Uses and advantages of Replication banding

A

ID of all chromosomes and bands, and of inactive, late-replicating X chromosome

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22
Q

C-banding

Staining techniques used in C-banding

A

Giemsa (CBG)

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23
Q

C-banding

Microscope used in C-banding

A

Brightfield microscope

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24
Q

C-banding

Uses and advantages of C-banding

A
  • ID of all centromeric and distal Y heterochromatin
  • Reveals polymorphisms including heterochromatin inversions
  • Evaluation of ring and dicentring chromosomes
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25
# NOR banding Staining technique used in **NOR banding**
AgNO3
26
# NOR banding Microscope used in **NOR banding**
Brightfield microscope
27
# NOR banding Uses and advantages of **NOR banding**
* ID of active NOR * reveals polymorphisms and rearrangements of acrocentric chromosomes
28
# DA-DAPI staining Staining techniques used in **DA-DAPI staining**
* Distamycin A/DAPI * distamycin A/Hoechst
29
# DA-DAPI staining Microcope used in **DA-DAPI staining**
Fluorescent microscope
30
# DA-DAPI staining Uses and advantages of **DA-DAPI staining**
* ID of centromeric heterochromatin regions of chromosomes 1,9,15,16,and Y * Useful in evaluation of chromsome 15-derived markers
31
# Type of Banding * Giemsa stain * AT-rich regions stain darker than GC-rich regions
G-banding
32
# Type of Banding Quinacrine fluorescent dye stains AT-rich regions
Q-banding
33
# Type of Banding * Banding pattern is opposite G-banding * GC-rich regions stain darker than AT-rich regions
R-banding
34
# Type of banding * Stains heterochromatic regions close to the centromeres * Usually stains the entire long arm of the Y chromosome * Denaturation with barium hydroxide followed by giemsa * The dark bands represent heterochromatin near centromere
C-banding
35
# Q Banding Techniques The __ __ region quenches dye and fluorescence, situated in heterochromatin region
AT region ## Footnote For Region rich in AT bases (dark staining)
36
# Q Banding Techniques The __ __ region quenches dye but do not fluorescence, situated in euchromatin region
GC region ## Footnote For Region rich in GC bases (light staining)
37
# Q Banding Techniques Advantages of Q banding
* Simple and versatile * Used where G band is not accepted * Used in study of chromosome heteromorphism
38
# Q Banding Techniques Disadvantages of Q banding
* Tendency to fade during examination (photo-degredation) * Chromophore - absorb light of a particular wavelength due to chemical bond formed between dye and light, UV light breaks the chemical bond
39
# G banding Techniques Used to denature protein
Weak trypsin/ Urea / Protease
40
# G banding Techniques Interaction of the DNA with thiazine and eosine components of sysin brightens sulfur rich regions
When treated with Giemsa
41
# G banding techniques Different types of Giemsa stains
* Methylene Azure * Methylene Violet * Methylene Blue
42
# G banding Techniques Advantages of G banding
* Identification of bands rich in sulfur content * Identification of chromosomal abnormalities * Gene mapping
43
# G banding Techniques Disadvantages of G banding
Not used in plants
44
# N Banding After air drying the chromosome, it will be treated with 5% ____ at 95 °C for _____ mins
Trichloroacetic acid 30 minutes
45
# N banding After being treated with Trichloroacetic acid, it will be treated with 0.1N ____ at 60°C for 30 minutes
HCl
46
# N banding Techniques What are the advantages of N banding?
- Identification of nucleolar organizer region - Superior banding pattern for plants
47
# N banding techniques What is the disadvantage of N banding technique?
The chemicals (TCA & HCl) create fumes which may be harmful
48
# C banding technique After harvesting the chromosome, what will it be treated with?
Alkali solution | DNA denaturing takes place
49
# C banding technique After being treated with Alkali solution, it will be washed with ___ at 60°C for 30 minutes
Sodium Citrate ## Footnote Repeatative DNA renature but unique DNA do not renature
50
# C banding technique C banding only stains what? | since sodium citrate renatures them
heterochromatins
51
# C banding techniques Advantages of C banding techniques
* Identification of chromosomes, particularly in insects and plants * Identification of bivalents at diakinesis using both centromere positions * Paternity testing * Gene mapping
52
# Representation of a chromosome band What is another term for the short arm of a chromosome?
p (for petit)
53
# Representation of a chromosome band What is another term for the long arm of a chromosome?
q (for queue)
54
# Representation of a chromosome band Short arm and long arm is seperated by a what?
a centromere
55
# Representation of a chromosome band Each chromosome arm is divided into regions that is called?
Cytogenetic bands ## Footnote that can be seen using a microscope and special stains
56
# Representation of a chromosome band The cytogenetic bands are labeled ____ counting from the centromere **out** toward the telomeres
p1,p2,q1,q2, etc
57
# Representation of a chromosome band At higher resolutions, ____ can be seen within the bands. These are also numbered from the centromere out toward the telomere
sub-bands
58
# Representation of a chromosome band Example of a cytogenetic map location of a gene: 7q31.2
This indicates that the gene is on chromosome 7, q arm, band 3, sub-band 1, sub-sub band 2
59
# Representation of a chromosome band End of chromosomes are labeled ____ and ____
ptel and qtel
60
# Representation of a chromosome band The notation 7qtel refers to?
the telomeric end of the q-arm of chromosome 7
61
ISCN
International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature

MT 6315 (Cytogenetics) (11 decks)

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