Unit 1 Keywords Flashcards
1
Q
Precipitation
A
Falling of water from the sky
2
Q
Interception
A
Water landing on vegetation before it hits the ground
3
Q
Surface storage
A
Lakes, ponds and puddles
4
Q
Soil storage
A
Water stored in the soil
5
Q
Groundwater storage
A
Water stored in subsurface rocks
6
Q
Surface runoff
A
Water flowing over the ground surface
7
Q
Infiltration
A
Water soaking into the soil from the surface
8
Q
Throughflow
A
Water flowing through soul
9
Q
Percolation
A
Water infiltrating from the soil to the groundwater
10
Q
Groundwater flow
A
Water flowing through subsurface rocks
11
Q
Evaporation
A
Water turning from a liquid to a gas
12
Q
Transpiration
A
Evaporated water leaving the leaves of vegetation
13
Q
Condensation
A
Water turning from a gas to a liquid
14
Q
Discharge
A
Volume of water flowing in a river at a given point and time
15
Q
Drainage basin
A
Area of land drained by a single river system
16
Q
Watershed
A
Areas of high land that separate drainage basins
17
Q
Pipeflow
A
Water flowing along the paths of roots of vegetation
18
Q
Stemflow
A
Precipitation running down stems and trunks of vegetation to the ground
19
Q
Vegetation storage
A
Water stored within vegetation
20
Q
Water balance
A
Balance between precipitation and evapotranspiration
21
Q
Graded profile
A
Cross section of a river cut lengthways from source to mouth
22
Q
Cross profile
A
Cross section of a river across its width at a certain point
23
Q
Wetted perimeter
A
The length of the cross profile where the water is in contact with the river bed
24
Q
Hydraulic radius
A
Cross sectional area / wetted perimeter
25
Erosion
Wearing away and/or breaking down of material
26
Transportation
Movement of material
27
Deposition
A loss of energy causing material to be dropped
28
Abrasion
Erosion between load and sea/river bed
29
Hydraulic action
Air trapped in small gaps causing material to be blown out under pressure
30
Corrosion
Erosion of soluble rocks due to solution
31
Attrition
Erosion of load against load
32
Traction
Rolling of larger material at times of high energy
33
Saltation
Bouncing of stones along the sea/river bed
34
Suspension
Small particles being carried
35
Solution
Dissolved load
36
Capacity
Max volume of load a river can carry at a given point
37
Competence
Max diameter of largest possible piece of load a river can carry
38
Calibre
Diameter of load
39
Dynamic equilibrium
Balance between erosion and deposition
40
Rejuvenation
When a river has an increase in it's erosive power due to a change in its base level
41
Eustatic change
Changing sea level due to melting of ice sheets
42
Isostatic change
Change in land height caused by weight of ice building up or released
43
Knickpoint
An irregularity in gradient between rejuvenated and non-rejuvenated sections
44
River terrace
A succession of downcutting into the floodplain due to rejuvenation
45
Incised meanders
Downcutting of meanders
46
V shaped valleys
Steep sided valleys caused by downcutting
47
Interlocking spurs
When a river winds around bands of hard rock
48
Waterfalls
When water falls down a ledge created through erosion
49
Gorge
Very steep sided valleys caused by waterfall retreat
50
Potholes
The drilling of high velocity pebbles into the river bed
51
Meanders
Winding of a river due to changes in velocity in its cross profile
52
Oxbow lake
When a meander is cut off from the main river channel
53
Floodplain
Area of flat land surrounding river where a river will flood
54
Braided channels
Small, semi permanent islands found in the river channel
55
Levees
Land beside beside the river that has built up by deposition during flood events
56
Deltas
Deposition at the mouth
57
Rapids
More rapid river flow
58
Alluvium
Deposited silt and clays
59
Sediment accretion
Build up of alluvium
60
Meander migration
Downstream movement of meanders caused by headward erosion
61
Arcuate deltas
When sediment is deposited out into the sea forming distributaries
62
Cuspate deltas
Occur when prevailing winds prevent distributaries from forming
63
Birds foot deltas
When sediment is deposited in finger like structured
64
Bluff line
The edge of a floodplain
65
Population distribution
The spread of population
66
Population structure
The make up of the population
67
Population pyramid
Breakdown of population into age and sex
68
Life expectancy
Average years of life
69
Population density
Population per unit area
70
Infant mortality rate
Deaths of children under 1 per thousand live births per year
71
Natural change
Change in population caused by BR and DR
72
Death rate
Number of deaths per thousand people per year
73
Migration rate
Inflow or outflow per thousand inhabitants per year
74
Fertility rate
Average number of children women can expect to have in their lifetime in a specific area
75
Birth rate
Number of live births per thousand people per year
76
DTM stage 1
High fluctuating
77
DTM stage 2
Early expanding
78
DTM stage 3
Late expanding
79
DTM stage 4
Low fluctuating
80
DTM stage 5
Declining
81
DTM stage 6
Ooooh spooky spooky doot doot, thank Mr Skeltal
82
Carrying capacity (pop.)
Max number of people an area can support
83
Optimum population
The ideal number of people living and working in a given area
84
Underpopulation
When resources could support a larger population
85
Overpopulation
When population is greater than optimum population
86
Positive checks
Increases in mortality such as famine or civil war
87
Preventative checks
Policies to curb population growth
88
Migration
A change of residence of an individual or group
89
Immigration
Moving into an area
90
Emigration
Moving out of an area
91
Net migration
Difference between immigration and emigration
92
Voluntary migration
When a migrant choses to move
93
Forced migration
When a migrant has to move due to circumstances
94
Social welfare
The social well being of people in an area
95
Longshore drift
Moving of material along a coastline due to direction of waves
96
Fetch
Distance over which prevailing wind acts where waves can gain energy
97
Swash
Movement of water up beach
98
Backwash
Movement if water down beach
99
Constructive waves
Waves that have a stronger swash
100
Destructive waves
Waves that have a stronger backwash
101
Wave refraction
Bending of waves near the coastline due to friction
102
Beaches
Where deposition occurs coastally
103
Tides
Periodic rise and fall of sea caused by gravitational pull of moon and sun
104
Spring tide
Highest tide when the sun and moon are alligned
105
Neap tide
Lowest high tide when sun and moon are perpendicular to each other
106
Storm surge
Stormy, low pressure conditions causing abnormally high sea level and dangerous conditions
107
Sediment cell
Area in which sediment moves along coastline, separated by bays, headlands and eastauries
108
Concordant coastlines
Where rocks bands run parallel to the coastline
109
Discordant coastlines
When rock bands are perpendicular to coastline
110
Headland
Area of land that juts out into sea, usually made of harder rock
111
Bay
Inlet caused by erosion of softer rock
112
Freeze thaw
When water enters fractures and freezes, causing fracture to enlarge
113
Pressure release
When pressure of overlying rock is released, causing rock to expand
114
Biological weathering
Plant seeds entering fractures and germinating, causing fracture to enlarge
115
Oxidation
Oxygen in the air reacting to form oxides
116
Hydration
Rocks absorbing water causing them to swell
117
Carbonation
Carbon dioxide reacting with rainwater, leading to acid rain
118
Hydrolysis
Oxygen and hydroxide ions reacting with the rocks
119
Organic weathering
Plant acids
120
Acid rain
Human produced compounds which react with rainwater to weather rocks
121
Rockfall
Rapid free fall of rock from steep cliff face
122
Mudflow
Rapid and sudden movement of mud down a steep slide
123
Earthflow
Movement of soil down slopes
124
Soil creep
Movement of soil down gentle slope
125
Solicluction
Permafrost preventing infiltration and leading to saturation, causing movement of ground
126
Debris slide
Rapid downward sliding and rolling of dry earth and rocky debris
127
Slump
Where one layer of ground slides over another
128
Spit
Where material has been pushed out into the sea forming a peninsula
129
Bar
Where a spit goes across a bay
130
Tombolo
When a spit goes from the mainland to an island
131
Halosere/salt marsh
Area of sediment build up in low energy areas, usually behind spits
132
Emergence
Landforms that have formed by relative falls in sea level
133
Submergence
Landforms formed by relative rise in sea level
134
Ria
Drowned coastal river valley
135
Fjords
Drowned glacial valleys
136
Fjards
Submerged glacial lowlands
137
Dalmatian coasts
Submerged valleys running parallel to coastline, creating a chain of islands
138
Psammaseres/sand dunes
Where sand has been transported and deposited, causing mounds to form and vegetation to take hold
139
Berms
Ridges built up by constructive waves that mark points of high tide
140
Cusps
Semi circular depressions
141
Runnels
Channels caused by the drainage of water into the sea
142
Cove
A bay formed on a concordant coastline where a fault has been exploited
143
Pandemic
An epidemic occurring over a wide area and affecting a large number of people
144
Endemic
The constant presence of a disease in area or population group
145
Morbidity
Illness and the reporting of disease
146
Attack rate
The number of cases of a disease diagnosed in an area
147
Mortality
The death of people
148
Case mortality
Number of people dying from disease per the number diagnosed
149
Malnutrition
An improper diet when the body does not receive the right amount of vitamins, minerals and nutrients
150
Stunting
Shortness for age, reduced growth due to low calorie intake
151
Periodic famine
Regional failure of food production or distribution systems
152
Overnourishment
Excessive food consumption
153
Undernourishment
The status of people whose diet does not contain enough calories to meet physiological needs
154
Famine
A semi permanent shortage of food
155
Obesity
Abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health
156
Transnational corperation
A company that operates in multiple countries
157
Drainage basin hydrological cycle
Cycle of water on a drainage basin scale, open system with inputs and outputs.
