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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Unit 1 Lab > Flashcards

Unit 1 Lab Flashcards

1
Q

Plane that divides body into right and left portions?

A

Sagittal (or lateral)

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2
Q

Plane that divides body into superior and inferior portions?

A

Transverse (or horizontal)

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3
Q

Plane that divides body into anterior and posterior portions?

A

Coronal (or frontal)

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4
Q

Plane that divides the body into unequal portions of left and right?

A

parasagittal

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5
Q

Plane that divides the body into equal portions of left and right?

A

midsagittal

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6
Q

Imaginary line drawn down the center of the body, dividing into right and left halves

A

Midline

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7
Q

Directional term used to refer to closer to head

A

superior (cranial)

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8
Q

Directional term used to refer to something closer to feet

A

inferior (caudal)

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9
Q

Directional term used to refer to something towards the front

A

anterior (ventral)

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10
Q

Directional term used to refer to something closer to the back

A

posterior (dorsal)

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11
Q

Directional term used to refer to something closer to the midline of the body

A

Medial

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12
Q

Directional term used to refer to something further from the midline

A

lateral

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13
Q

Directional term used to refer to something closer to the trunk or point of origin

A

Proximal

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14
Q

Directional term used to refer to something further away from the trunk or point of origin

A

Distal

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15
Q

Body cavity containing just the spine

A

spinal cavity

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16
Q

Body cavity containing the brain and spine

A

Dorsal cavity

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17
Q

Body cavity containing heart, lungs, trachea, and esophagus

A

Thoracic cavity

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18
Q

What membrane lines most of the organs within the abdominal cavity?

A

visceral peritoneum

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19
Q

Directional term used to refer to something near the surface

A

Superficial

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20
Q

Directional term used to refer to something further away from the surface

A

deep

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21
Q

What is the name of the membrane lining the organ within the pleural cavity?

A

visceral pleura

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22
Q

What is the name of the membrane lining the walls of the pleural cavity?

A

parietal pleura

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23
Q

What is the name of the membrane lining the walls of the pericardial cavity?

A

parietal pericardium

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24
Q

Body cavity containing most of the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and adrenal glands

A

Abdominal cavity

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25
Q

Body cavity containing urogenital system and the rectum

A

Pelvic cavity

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26
Q

Body cavity that contains the brain

A

Cranial cavity

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27
Q

Body cavity containing heart, lungs, stomach, and urinary bladder

A

Ventral

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28
Q

What are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity?

A

Cranial and spinal

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29
Q

What are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity?

A

Thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic

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30
Q

The medical term for forehead is

A

frontal

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31
Q

The medical term for the skull is

A

cranial (cranium)

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32
Q

The medical term for the face is

A

facies (facial)

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33
Q

The medical term for the nose is

A

Nasus (nasal)

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34
Q

The medical term for the eye is

A

Oculus (orbital or ocular)

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35
Q

The medical term for the cheek is

A

Bucca (buccal)

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36
Q

The medical term for the ear is

A

otic

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37
Q

The medical term for the neck is

A

Cervicis (cervical)

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38
Q

The medical term for the mouth is

A

Oris (oral)

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39
Q

The medical term for the chin is

A

Mentin (mental)

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40
Q

The medical term for the armpit is

A

Axilla (axillary)

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41
Q

The medical term for the upper arm is

A

brachium (brachial)

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42
Q

The medical term for the front of the elbow is

A

Antecubitis (antecubital)

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43
Q

The medical term for the forearm is

A

antebrachium (antebrachial)

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44
Q

The medical term for the wrist is

A

carpus (carpal)

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45
Q

The medical term for the thumb is

A

pollex

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46
Q

The medical term for the palm is

A

palma (palmar)

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47
Q

The medical term for the fingers is

A

digits (phalanges)

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48
Q

The medical term for the chest is

A

thoric or thorax (thoracic)

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49
Q

The medical term for the breast is

A

mamma (mammary)

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50
Q

The medical term for the stomach is

A

abdomen (abdominal)

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51
Q

The medical term for the navel is

A

umbilicus (umbilical)

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52
Q

The medical term for the hip is

A

coxal

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53
Q

The medical term for the pelvis is

A

pelvic

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54
Q

The medical term for the groin is

A

inguen (inguinal)

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55
Q

The medical term for the pubis is

A

pubic

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56
Q

The medical term for the thigh is

A

femur (femoral)

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57
Q

The medical term for the kneecap is

A

patella (patellar)

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58
Q

The medical term for the shin/lower leg is

A

crus (crural)

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59
Q

The medical term for the ankle is

A

Tarsus (tarsal)

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60
Q

The medical term for the toes is

A

digits (phalanges)

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61
Q

The medical term for the foot is

A

pedal

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62
Q

The medical term for the head is

A

cephalon (cephalic)

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63
Q

The medical term for the shoulder is

A

acromial

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64
Q

The medical term for the back is

A

dorsum (dorsal)

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65
Q

The medical term for the back of the elbow is

A

olecranon (olecranal)

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66
Q

The medical term for the loin is

A

lumbus (lumbar)

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67
Q

The medical term for the sacrum is

A

sacral

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68
Q

The medical term for the hand is

A

manus (manual)

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69
Q

The medical term for the butt is

A

gluteus (gluteal)

70
Q

The medical term for the back of the knee is

A

popliteus (popliteal)

71
Q

The medical term for the calf is

A

sura (sural)

72
Q

The medical term for heel of the foot is

A

calcaneus (calacaneal)

73
Q

The medical term for sole of the foot is

A

planta (plantar)

74
Q

The study of tissues is known as

A

histology

75
Q

what are the 4 primary types of tissues?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous

76
Q

What type of primary tissue is defined as “sheets of cells that line body surfaces, either external or internal”?

A

Epithelial tissue

77
Q

What type of primary tissue is defined as “support tissues where a specific cell type is embedded within a non-living (acellular) matrix”?

A

Connective tissue

78
Q

What type of primary tissue is defined as “excitable tissues that are capable of contraction”?

A

Muscular tissue

79
Q

What type of primary tissue is defined as “excitable tissues that are capable of transferring and integrating signals from one part of the body to another”?

A

Nervous tissue

80
Q

What characteristics define epithelial tissue?

A

Number of layers and individual cell shape

81
Q

Where are some places simple squamous epithelium can be found?

A

Surfaces where diffusion is important
Ex. Kidney glomeruli, alveoli of lungs, endothelial lining of blood vessels and heart, and serosae

82
Q

Where are some places simple cuboidal epithelium can be found?

A

Surfaces were absorption and secretion are necessary
Ex. Kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surfaces

83
Q

Where are some places simple columnar epithelium can be found?

A

Surfaces where absorption and extensive secretion are necessary
Ex. Digestive tract, gall bladder, ducts of some glands, small bronchi, uterine tubes

84
Q

What cells secret mucus through vesicles and are found in columnar cells?

A

Goblet cells

85
Q

Where is stratified epithelial tissue likely to be found?

A

Where underlying tissues must be protected

86
Q

What is the matrix of connective tissues made of?

A

Ground substance and fibers

87
Q

What is ground substance made of?

A

interstitial fluid and globular proteins

88
Q

What are the three types of fibers?

A

Collagen, elastin, and reticulin

89
Q

What is the most abundant connective tissue fiber?

A

Collagen

90
Q

What fiber protein has the appearance of long, unbranched strands?

A

Collagen

91
Q

What fiber protein has the appearance of long, moderately branched strands?

A

Elastin

92
Q

What type of fiber protein is found in tissues that must deform, but must also resume their resting shape once force is removed?

A

Elastin

93
Q

What type of fiber protein is found in tissues that bend readily when deformed perpendicular to the long axis of the molecule?

A

Collagen

94
Q

What type of fiber protien is found in tissues where a network of overlapping fibers is necessary?

A

Reticulin

95
Q

What fiber protein has the appearance of fine, heavily-branched strands?

A

Reticulin

96
Q

What fiber protein creates a sieve-like net structure to trap debris or to support other tissues where strength is unecessary?

A

Reticulin

97
Q

What are the 4 types of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper, Cartilage, Bone, and Blood

98
Q

What characteristics can be used to classify connective tissue?

A

Arrangement of protein fibers
Cell type
Matrix composition
Protein fiber type

99
Q

What tissues are classified as loose connective?

A

Areolar connective tissue
Adipose connective tissue
Reticular connective tissue

100
Q

What tissues are classified as dense connective?

A

Dense regular connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
Elastic connective tissue

101
Q

What connective tissue has a loose arrangement of collagen and elastin fibers in a gel-like matrix dominated by fibroblasts?

A

Areolar connective tissue

102
Q

What connective tissue has a matrix similar to sarse areolar, dominated by adipocytes (fat cells)?

A

Adipose connective tissue

103
Q

What connective tissue has loose reticulin fibers dominated by lymphocytes?

A

Reticular connective tissue

104
Q

What connective tissue is densely packed with parallel bundles of collagen, dominated by fibroblasts?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

105
Q

What connective tissue is irregularly arranged with bundles of collagen, and is populated primarrily by fibroblasts?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

106
Q

What connective tissue is densely packed, with a large amount of elastin fibers and dominated by fibroblasts?

A

Elastic connective tissue

107
Q

What tissue is composed of a firm substance that is largely avascular and without nerves?

A

Cartilage

108
Q

What type of tissue is dominated by chondrocytes which lie in cavities called lacunae?

A

Cartilage

109
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrous cartilage

110
Q

What connective tissue is made of hard, calcified matrix built upon dense, parallel bundles of collagen fibers and is populated primarily by osteocytes?

A

Bone

111
Q

What connective tissue has a liquid matrix, with few protein fibers under normal conditions?

A

Blood

112
Q

What connective tissue is dominated by erythrocytes and leucocytes?

A

Blood

113
Q

What connective tissue has a gel-like ground substance and fibers, dominated by mesenchymal cells?

A

Mesenchyme

114
Q

What are two important properties about muscular tissue?

A

It is both excitable and contractile

115
Q

What is nervous tissue made of?

A

Neurons and neuroglial cells

116
Q

What muscle tissue is short, with spindle-shaped cells, and non-striated in appearance?

A

Smooth muscle tissue

117
Q

What muscle tissue is both neurogenic and myogenic contractible?

A

smooth muscle

118
Q

What tissue has short, branched cells joined by intercalated discs, striated in appearance?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

119
Q

What muscle tissue is involuntary and myogenic contraction?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue

120
Q

What tissue contains long, unbranched multinucleated cells and is striated in appearance?

A

skeletal muscle tissue

121
Q

What muscle tissue has voluntary and neurogenic contraction?

A

skeletal muscle tissue

122
Q

What does the integument system consist of?

A

The skin and the accessory structures such as hair, nails, and sweat glands

123
Q

What type of skin contains hair follicles?

A

Thin skin

124
Q

What makes up the hypodermis?

A

Adipose or areolar connective tissue

125
Q

What type of tissue makes up the epidermis?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

126
Q

What type of tissue makes up the dermis?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

127
Q

Where do most of the accessory structures lie within the skin?

A

the dermis

128
Q

Where are blood vessels and nervous structures located within the skin?

A

the dermis

129
Q

What is the most abundant cell type that makes up the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes

130
Q

What cell type produces a fibrous, water-resistant protein called keratin, and is linked together by desmosomes into layers

A

Keratinocytes

131
Q

What produces the melanin pigment granules and are responsible for the coloration of the skin?

A

Melanocytes

132
Q

What cells are macrophages that are involved in immunity?

A

Langerhans’ cells

133
Q

What cells are touch receptor cells that reside in the deepest layer of the epidermis?

A

Merkel cells

134
Q

What are the four/five layers of the epidermis from top to bottom?

A

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum (only in thick skin)
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale

135
Q

What layer of the epidermis do Langerhans’ cells reside in?

A

Stratum spinosum

136
Q

What layer of the epidermis do Merkel cells reside in?

A

Stratum Basale

137
Q

What layer of the epidermis do melanocytes reside in?

A

Stratum Basale

138
Q

What layer of the epidermis contains most of the dividing cells?

A

Stratum Basale

139
Q

What layer of the epidermis contains a few dividing cells and begin producing intermediate filaments or pre-keratin protein?

A

Stratum Spinosum

140
Q

What layer of the epidermis contain cells that are flattened but still living and contain keratin granules?

A

Stratum Granulosum

141
Q

What layer of the epidermis contains a thin, translucent layer of dead cells and is only found in thick skin?

A

Stratum Lucidum

142
Q

What layer of the epidermis consists of 20 to 30 layers of dead, fully keratinized cells?

A

Stratum Corneum

143
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Superficial papillary layer
Deep reticular layer

144
Q

Which layer of the dermis is composed of areolar connective tissue and forms the dermal papillae?

A

Superficial papillary layer

145
Q

Which layer of the dermis is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and is the thicker layer of the dermis?

A

Deeper reticular layer

146
Q

What dermis layer forms a wavy boundary between the dermis and the stratum basale of the epidermis, containing an abundance of capillaries, along with free nerve ending s and Meissner’s touch corpuscles?

A

Dermal Papillae

147
Q

What dermis layer contains many arteries, veins, nerves, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follices, and Pacinian touch corpuscles, along with provide structural strength to the integument?

A

Reticular layer

148
Q

Where are all accessory structures developed (not reside).

A

Epidermis

149
Q

What is the name of the cell that resides within the matrix of bone tissues?

A

Osteocytes

150
Q

What is the name of the cell that resides within the matrix of cartilage tissues?

A

Chondrocytes

151
Q

What are the cell junctions between cardiac muscle cells called?

A

intercalated discs

152
Q

What structure produces a shaft of keratinized cells that extend from the surface of the skin?

A

hair follice

153
Q

What body part are keratinized derivatives of the epidermis?

A

Nails

154
Q

What is the name of the nail matrix that is visible beneath the body of the nail?

A

Lunule

155
Q

What is the name of the portion of the hair enclosed by the follicle?

A

Hair root

156
Q

What is the name of the portion of hair that extends from the surface of the epidermis?

A

Shaft

157
Q

What is the inner most layer of a hair shaft?

A

Hair bulb

158
Q

What portion of the hair is dermal tissue that extends into the base of the hair root and provides nutrition to the hair matrix?

A

hair papilla

159
Q

Which part of the hair is a region of dividing cells that provide new growth?

A

Hair matrix

160
Q

Within the matrix, _____ secretes melanin granules into the cortex of the hair and determines its color

A

Melanocytes

161
Q

What parts form the shaft once the hair emerges?

A

Cortex
Medulla
Cuticle

162
Q

What is the name of the smooth muscle that is attached to the hair follicle and is responsible for raising the hair?

A

Arrector Pili

163
Q

What cytoskeletal elements are stable and resist mechanical forces acting on the cell?

A

intermediate filaments

164
Q

What membranous vesicles contain acid hydrolases and serve to digest worn-out organelles and foreign substances that enter the cell?

A

Lysozomes

165
Q

What are the spaces in which chondrocytes reside called?

A

Lacunae

166
Q

What are the primary functional cells of nervous tissue called?

A

neurons

167
Q

What structure produces a milky, protein- and lipid-rich secretion and is limited to the axillary and pubic regions?

A

Apocrine sweat glands

168
Q

What minute, finger-like projections of the cell membrane serve to increase the surface area of the cell for absorption?

A

microvilli

169
Q

What cytoskeletal element is primarily composed of tubulins and helps detemine the shape of the cell?

A

Microtubule

170
Q

What is the general term denoting a membrane that lines the organs within certain ventral body cavities?

A

visceral serosa

171
Q

The medical term for the back is

A

vertebral

172
Q
A

Human Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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